| Total digestive tract mass was the summed masses of the upper digestive tract, gizzard, small intestine, ceca, and large intestine. |
| Significant effects of gizzard shad access likely occurred due to the additional surface area provided for periphyton by the mesh netting. |
| Due to their soft food diet, lorikeets have a weak ventricular muscle or gizzard, which is usually used for grinding seeds by other birds. |
| Herbivorous, granivorous and insectivorous birds have a highly specialized, muscular gizzard with an inner lining of hard cuticle. |
| To compensate, internal organs such as the gizzard, gonads, and intestine may shrink. |
| Mammals differ because they expect their teeth to do the work of a gizzard or large, muscular gut. |
