| Salamanders were measured from the tip of the snout to the anterior end of the cloaca. |
| This structure is actually a highly vascularized extension of the cloaca which allows internal fertilization. |
| The remains of the central baths are only visible today as a slight elevation in the area of the present-day steps leading down to the cloaca. |
| The bursa of Fabricius is an organ located just beside the cloaca. |
| After males deposit spermatophores onto the cloaca of females, up to 150 eggs are laid on mud near water. |
| We sexed each snake by probing its cloaca to detect the presence of hemipenes. |
