| The first goal of this paper is to document an example of associational susceptibility using the hosts of a common forest pest, the fall cankerworm. |
| These birds also eat immense numbers of cankerworm eggs before they hatch into worms. |
| In 2006, a visit to the area found numerous larvae of fall cankerworm. |
| In 2009, defoliation by fall cankerworm was observed on elm, silver maple and ash along the Saint John River between Sheffield and Jemseg. |
| Nearly all the common birds feed freely upon the cankerworm, and benefit the orchard in so doing. |
| Chickadees and other winter-resident birds can protect orchards against the cankerworm. |
