| The development of photonic bandgap fibers, waveguides based on nanoparticles or multi-glasses photonic structures are the main guidelines. |
| Recently, we also demonstrated the existence of a bandgap guidance in topology whose diameter is smaller than the wavelength and the index of refraction may be higher than the elements of the photonic structure. |
| Unlike the III-V compounds, such as gallium arsenide, generally used to make semiconductor lasers, silicon has an indirect bandgap. |
| The bandgap of a material is the energy difference between electrons residing in the two most important states of a material-valence band states and conduction band states. |
| Microstrip transmission lines with an electromagnetic bandgap structure exhibit stopband and slow-wave characteristics, which can be used as stop band or low-pass filters. |
| Several research groups are investigating ways to create a bandgap in graphene, says Dr Hill. |
