| The body ard made its way east as far as northwest China via Sinkiang Province, but then underwent radical changes. |
| Third is the seed drill ard, used specifically in Mesopotamia, which added a funnel for dropping seed in the furrows as the ard cut them. |
| The ard, ard plough, or scratch plough is a simple light plough without a mouldboard. |
| The bow ard is the weaker, narrower, and probably earlier of the two. |
| In fact, the ard may have been invented in the Near East to cover seed rather than till. |
| Row seeding can already be achieved using a ploughshare or an ard as a furrow opener and hand metering while dropping the seeds into the furrow. |
