| As water is the main component of the disc, loss of fluid leads to a fall in disc height and abnormal loading of other spinal structures such as the apophyseal joints. |
| Severe back pain most often arises from intervertebral discs, apophyseal joints and sacroiliac joints, and physical disruption of these structures is strongly but variably linked to pain. |
| Manual therapy procedures may include joint mobilization directed toward the apophyseal joints or costotransverse joints. |
| An important joint in the spine is the apophyseal joint, commonly called the facet joint. |
| In skeletally immature patients, the UCL is much stronger than the apophyseal growth plate. |
| Adolescents and young adults are at particular risk for various apophyseal and epiphyseal injuries due to lack of ossification of these cartilaginous growth plates. |
