| Severe back pain most often arises from intervertebral discs, apophyseal joints and sacroiliac joints, and physical disruption of these structures is strongly but variably linked to pain. |
| An important joint in the spine is the apophyseal joint, commonly called the facet joint. |
| Manual therapy procedures may include joint mobilization directed toward the apophyseal joints or costotransverse joints. |
| Radiography of the pelvis showed a non-union of the left ischial tuberosity, with marked displacement of the apophyseal fragment. |
| As water is the main component of the disc, loss of fluid leads to a fall in disc height and abnormal loading of other spinal structures such as the apophyseal joints. |
| The widespread enthesopathy of chronic AS results in the ossification of ligaments of the spinal column, intervertebral discs, end plates, and apophyseal structures. |
