| The establishment of symbiosis is the result of a complex series of interactions between the symbiont and the host plant. |
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| If this is indeed so, then symbiont phylogeny should roughly correlate with host phylogeny. |
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| In addition to their mitochondria, plants have a second relic symbiont, the chloroplast. |
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| He reckons that it is better perceived as a symbiont that is sometimes helpful and sometimes harmful. |
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| But Plasmodium, though it lacks chloroplasts, has a relic symbiont known as an apicoplast that is not found in other eukaryotes. |
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| Many scientists, however, attribute the similarity to an endosymbiotic origin of the red algal chloroplast from a blue-green algal symbiont. |
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| As these genes are usually advantageous, the symbiont tends to extend rapidly through the whole population and even through the whole species. |
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| The integration of the symbiont in the host's metabolism is sometimes so specialized that the symbiont is like a new cytoplasmic organelle. |
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| A mutualistic symbiotic relationship occurs when both the host and symbiont receive some benefit from the association and neither is harmed. |
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| The citizen is not one as an individual, but as a symbiont, having proved this in primary societies. |
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| We have shown that the host animal participates actively in the inorganic carbon absorption for the photosynthesis of its symbiont. |
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| Secondly, the genes can be transferred from the symbiont towards the nuclear genome of the host, as proposed for the mitochondria and the plasts. |
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| The integrated symbiont is an organelle, in some way completely domesticated by its host. |
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| Generally, the larger of the organisms is called the host and the smaller one the symbiont. |
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| Is it possible, they wondered, that the maternal transmission of this one-time symbiont would leave a mark on genetic architecture? |
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| Commensalism occurs when the symbiont benefits from the host organism, but no harm comes to the host. |
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| Lateral transfer of a phytopathogenic symbiont among native and exotic ambrosia beetles. |
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| The host can also be considered as a parasite with regard to the symbiont, symbiosis being considered as the ultimate mechanism of genetic predation invented by the eukaryotes. |
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| They suggest that the acquisition of new symbionts is unlikely to provide a stable means of acclimatizing to increasing SSTs because only corals that already host heat-tolerant symbiont strains may be able to acclimatize. |
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| Diverse early endobiotic coral symbiont assemblage from the Katian of Baltica. |
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| Although one species of gymnosperm, Parasitaxus usta, has been proposed to be parasitic, it actually may be a mycoheterotroph as it appears to involve a fungal symbiont. |
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| Exception will be made in the specific case of defined gene-for-gene relationships between parasite or symbiont and host, and where both organisms are to be conserved. |
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| This pathogen could be an unknown neurotropic virus or another pathogen that is transmitted either independently or as a symbiont of the worm. |
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| The gill symbiont of the hydrothermal vent mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus is a psychrophilic, chemoautotrophic, sulfur bacterium. |
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| There is a continuum between parasitic and symbiotic where a symbiont is able to use the host without hurting it at all and gives back. |
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| Below the cortex layer is a layer called the photobiontic layer or symbiont layer. |
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| The symbiont layer has less densely packed fungal filaments, with the photosynthetic partner embedded in them. |
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| To evaluate whether detection of symbiont proteins was possible, we thus designed a specific immunoproteomic approach, described above and discussed below. |
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| Enterococcus faecalis belongs to the class Bacilli, and it is feasible and testable that this symbiont could contribute to seed digestion by producing cellulolytic enzymes. |
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| In a few remarkable cases, a single lichen fungus can develop into two very different lichen forms when associating with either a green algal or a cyanobacterial symbiont. |
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| The layer beneath the symbiont layer called is called the medulla. |
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| Therefore, lichen decline may result not only from the accumulation of toxic substances, but also from altered nutrient supplies that favor one symbiont over the other. |
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