| During its life cycle, Y. pestis colonizes the flea midgut and can form a biofilm in the proventricular valve in the foregut. |
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| Necropsy and histopathology results indicated that all birds in group 2 had pathologic evidence of proventricular dilatation disease. |
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| The preceding results indicated that only the GGDEF domain genes y3730 and hmsT have DGC function that potentially induces proventricular biofilm formation. |
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| To determine which of these could potentially participate in proventricular biofilm formation in the flea, we began by evaluating the effect each of these genes had on in vitro biofilm formation. |
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| Radiologic and ultrasonographic examination revealed a mild proventricular dilatation, mild hepatomegaly, signs of enteritis, and airsacculitis. |
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| Histopathologically, the cystic structure was lined by proventricular mucosa presenting in folds and sulci. |
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| Submucosal proventricular glands, consisting of secretory units and collecting tubules, occupied parts of the choristomal wall. |
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| We report herein a case of proventricular cystic choristoma in a 62-day-old broiler chicken. |
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| Seven birds had proventricular megabacteriosis, and 1 of those cockatiels also had intraluminal gastric yeast and ingluvial yeast with pseudohyphae. |
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| Proventricular dilatation disease is a fatal disease in birds worldwide, mainly affecting psittacines but also other species. |
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| Proventricular dilatation disease is a significant cause of disease-related fatalities among birds, primarily psittacines. |
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