How to use nucleotides in a sentence

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Sentence Examples As a replicase, Pol is highly sensitive to template defects and misinserts nucleotides only extremely rarely. The chemical and biological effects of UV radiation on purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleotides have been the subject of many studies. The synthesis of nucleotides from the purine bases and purine nucleosides takes place in a series of steps known as the salvage pathways. This strategy is based on the attachment of some cytidine nucleotides to nascent cDNA first strands by reverse transcriptase. All three enzymes showed a marked preference for adenine over guanine nucleotides. These materials are made up of specific monomers including saccharides, amino acids, and nucleotides, respectively. We were able to identify a possible template for the inserted nucleotides in nearby sequences. Mismatched and unpaired bases arise during replication by misincorporation of nucleotides and strand slippage, respectively. The incorporated nucleotides form an oligomer with digoxygenin or fluorescein. Purine salvage pathway allows interconversion of bases, nucleosides and nucleotides. The nucleotides found in cells are derivatives of the heterocyclic highly basic, compounds, purine and pyrimidine. The DNA polymerase enzymes can add nucleotides only to the end of an existing nucleotide chain. It has been reported that lanthanides are able to bind to DNA, RNA and nucleotides in vitro. Proteins are polymers of amino acids, while nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides. In effect, the DNA blueprint is a succession of code words, each consisting of a set of three nucleotides, known as codons, in the gene. Starting at one end of the gene, the genetic code is read three nucleotides at a time. Asterisks show nucleotides identical in the seven sequences and boldface type indicates the most common nucleotide in each position. Proteins encoded in overlapping reading frames from the same nucleotides have different levels of amino acid variation. The building block cost for mRNA includes the nucleotides for an untranslated region and a polyA tail with empirically observed lengths. Orn was shown by in vitro analysis to be an exonuclease specific for RNA molecules shorter than five nucleotides in length. Show More Sentences Probes are typically fairly short sequences of DNA nucleotides, called oligonucleotides, made synthetically. Nucleic acids are also polymers, composed of repeating units called nucleotides. In order to see the primary structure, the double helix of DNA is unzipped and the pattern of nucleotides is revealed. The double helix unwinds and the nucleotides follow basically the same base pairing rules to form the correct sequence in the mRNA. This package contains a number of substitution models for nucleotides and RNA base pairs. By creating analogs of nucleotides, she and her research group made drugs that treat acute leukemia and kidney plant rejection. In RNA editing, specific nucleotides within the sequences of messenger RNA transcripts are modified during or after splicing. The transcription of the operon is coordinately repressed in the presence of excess pyrimidine nucleotides. A highly sensitive method first developed for carbon dating, AMS quantifies isotopes with a detection limit of a few adducts in 10 nucleotides. The gene degradation measure is defined as a score based on the preferred and unpreferred nucleotides. Since guanosine is not converted to adenine nucleotides in flies, guanosine must somehow act indirectly, perhaps through a mechanism for balancing nucleotide pools. The physical properties of the sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base components of the nucleotides are central in determining the shape of the DNA helix. This enzyme belongs to the plasmalemma hydrolases, which facilitate membrane penetration by nucleotides and polynucleotides. However, because the untranslated sequences of the importin 1 and 2 transgenes differ by only 7 nucleotides, it is unlikely that they are differentially translated. A tRNA molecule is a single nucleotide chain with several helical regions and a loop containing three unpaired nucleotides, called an anticodon. Enzymes called helicases then separate the two strands of the double helix, exposing two template surfaces for the alignment of free nucleotides. In the case of simian virus 40, mutational analysis showed that the consecutive thymine nucleotides play an essential role in replication initiation. These enzymes excise mismatched or modified bases out of the sugar-phosphate backbone and replace them with complementary, unmodified nucleotides. Dawkins' evolutionary model relies on random mutations in single nucleotides during DNA replication, totally unguided, followed by selection of the fittest by the environment. Studies performed on cultured mammalian cell lines demonstrate that most of the cell fluorescence arises from reduced pyridine nucleotides, flavins, and lipofuscin. Show More Sentences Additions or deletions of nucleotides in numbers other than three or multiples of three are called frameshift mutations. Likewise, an insertion of a block of nucleotides will add amino acids to a protein and perhaps also have a frameshift effect. For example, platelets store nucleotides in secretory granules and release them by exocytosis during aggregation. These effectors can assume a vast diversity of chemical forms, ranging from simple inorganic molecules to complex nucleotides such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Where a codon is split by an intron, the amino acid symbol should be given below the portion of the codon containing two nucleotides. The net consequence of its actions is a sequential blockade of the synthesis and utilization of the purine nucleotides. In many genes, the regions coding for proteins are interrupted by intervening sequences of nucleotides called introns. Unbranched long molecular chains of nucleotides, which are linked to each other by diphosphate links, either linearly or in a ring. The probes are 17 nucleotides long and are complementary to specific regions of the vertebrate cytochrome b gene. The maps detail the genetic sequencing of the nucleic acids, or nucleotides, in the virus. In order to permutate the data we randomly reordered columns of stem nucleotides while maintaining the set of parentheses indicating the secondary structure. These are sections of a chromosome in which two or three nucleotides are repeated over and over again. The relevant geographic market for nucleotides should therefore be described as worldwide. The tRNA molecules contain 70 to 80 nucleotides and fold into a characteristic cloverleaf structure. As mentioned before, nucleotides are mainly used by major food manufacturers to add flavour to foods. Then nucleotides are set up in front of those of the DNA, by respecting the complementarity, and one finds two molecules of DNA identical to old. The DNA in each cell of an animal is made up of a long series of molecules, known as nucleotides. Nucleases that hydrolyse nucleotides from the ends of DNA strands are called exonucleases, while endonucleases cut within strands. More precisely, this work scrutinizes the relevance of the tRNA nucleotides at position 20, 35 and 36 in the yeast arginylation reaction. Ajinomoto, a Japanese food seasoning producer, has agreed to pay the United States Justice Department fines for conspiring to manipulate the price of a food flavor enhancer called nucleotides used in soups, sauces and spices. Show More Sentences Variant calling is the step wherein nucleotides in aligned sequence reads are used to infer the presence and zygosity of variants. For example, an enzyme called nucleoside phosphorylase serves this role when cells switch to synthesizing nucleotides from recycled purines instead of from new starting materials. The classical approach, however, suffers from an important limitation: it only takes into account the canonical Watson-Crick interactions A:U and G:C, that is those where the nucleotides are facing each other. These strings of nucleotides are called short tandem repeats. Platelet response to cyclic nucleotides is complex and depends on nucleotide concentrations and the timecourse of platelet exposure. This process is done mainly by an enzyme called helicase in charge to access DNA to break the link between the nucleotides and like this spin the molecule of DNA so that it can unroll. Large deletions of many codons will not only remove amino acids from a protein but may also result in a frameshift mutation if the number of nucleotides deleted is not a multiple of three. Claims for the following Contracting States: ES, GR A probe comprising at least 15 nucleotides of the transcribed spacer region between 16S and 23S rRNA genes of prokaryotic organisms. Specific patterns of nucleotides represent particular genes. A novel combination could arise from a change to even just a single nucleotide in a nucleotide sequence, as well as from larger changes, such as the introduction of genes hundreds or thousands of nucleotides in length. It was quickly discovered that Crick's basic theory, the sequence of units, called nucleotides, in the DNA serve as a code for the structure of the protein, will do the work. The nucleic acid molecules are made up of sequences of nucleotides. One of these characteristics is that segments, typically non-coding segments, of the DNA contain short sequences of nucleotides that are randomly repeated a large number of times. The non-canonical Hoogsteen and sugar interactions where the nucleotides are side by side or on top of each other are not taken into account by conventional modelling algorithms. The judicious combination of various probes for the same virulence factor and specific stringent hybridization conditions allow the discrimination between sequence variations caused by only one or few nucleotides. In his 1958 article, Crick speculated, as had others, that a triplet of nucleotides could code for an amino acid. The two DNA strands are termed polynucleotides since they are composed of simpler monomer units called nucleotides. This arrangement of two nucleotides binding together across the double helix is called a base pair. For example, all living cells use the same basic set of nucleotides and amino acids. Here, the polymerase recognizes the occasional mistakes in the synthesis reaction by the lack of base pairing between the mismatched nucleotides. Show More Sentences Adleman proceeded by assigning each of the seven cities a unique code name in the form of a short DNA sequence made up of 20 nucleotides. Pyridine nucleotides and the reduction of GSSG in hypoxic heart tissue exposed to diamide. The similarity is checked based on a graphical representation, correlation coefficient, Gibbs free energy, and the count of individual nucleotides in each sequence. He searched each species for strings of nucleotides that matched the modern lentivirus genome and found one lurking in the DNA of the tiny gray mouse lemur. Usually, this RNA copy is then used to make a matching protein sequence in a process called translation, which depends on the same interaction between RNA nucleotides. Although each individual nucleotide repeating unit is very small, DNA polymers can be very large molecules containing millions to hundreds of millions of nucleotides. Alignment of DNA sequences identified areas of point mutations and, in the case of a single mourning dove, the incorporation of a triplet of nucleotides. It was clear to Crick that there had to be a code by which a short sequence of nucleotides would specify a particular amino acid in a newly synthesized protein. The individual nucleotides are joined together by groups of phosphates that form the phosphodiester bond between the 3' and 5' carbon atoms of sugars. This interesting work shows that exactly the right purified solution of linear organic molecules can cyclize under the right conditions to present activated nucleotides. Find more words! 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Words that rhyme with nucleotides What is the adjective for nucleotides? What is the noun for nucleotides? Use our Sentence Generator Nearby Words nucleotide nucleosynthesis nucleosomes nucleosome nucleoside nucleoplasm nucleous nucleus nucleuses nuclide nuclides nuddy 11-letter Words Starting With n nu nuc nucl nucle nucleo nucleot nucleoti nucleotid nucleotide