In the first case, i.e. a new anagenetic evolutionary trend, a complete reversal of the direction of natural selection should be assumed. |
|
The real analogy behind natural selection is the work of the natural historian. |
|
Evolution cannot be right because scientists do not agree on the mechanism for natural selection and ancestry of various species. |
|
Drug resistance arises by natural selection, mutant strains being selected when the virus replicates in sub-limiting drug concentrations. |
|
In a world where disadvantages are usually weeded out by natural selection, how have left-handers survived? |
|
In both cases, the ultimate goal is to understand how suites of traits and trade-offs between competing functions respond to natural selection. |
|
As gene frequencies change, natural selection acts on the outcome, the expression of those genes. |
|
As a prize example of creating new species by natural selection, these finches leave very much to be desired. |
|
The simplest case involving natural selection is genic selection in the absence of extinction and recolonization. |
|
For us as scientists, natural selection and Darwinism are essentially synonymous. |
|
The second of the central tenets of classical Darwinism is the unfettered efficacy of natural selection. |
|
One consequence of Darwinian evolution by natural selection is that as the world changes, what lives and what dies can change as well. |
|
However, Barbara is absolutely correct in summarizing the natural selection theories of Charles Darwin as inarguable. |
|
They were an old race, many millennia having given natural selection time to run its course. |
|
This theory suggested that polar marine invertebrates lack sufficient fish predation to drive natural selection for chemical means of protection. |
|
First, he wonders how natural selection connects up with mental development. |
|
It is conjectured that natural selection tuned the average connectivity in such a way that the network reaches a sparse graph of connections. |
|
He used the tenets of population biology, ordered by natural selection and biological fitness, to look at societal comportment. |
|
This would add greatly to our knowledge of natural selection and co-evolution in plant-pathogen populations. |
|
Although these two species hybridize freely, subsequent generations are subject to intense natural selection. |
|
|
He has merged Chomskyan ideas about an innate language faculty with the Darwinian theory of adaptation and natural selection. |
|
As long as the belief in progress reigned supreme people could not see this fallacy in the theory of evolution by natural selection. |
|
Any approach to human psychology which recognizes that the brain is the product of natural selection lies within the pale. |
|
Nevertheless, studying the extreme case of vestigial teeth clearly confirms that natural selection affects patterns of variability. |
|
He begins the review in a fantasy world in which Darwin did not originate the concept of natural selection. |
|
There was otherwise only weak evidence that natural selection might be operative at the HLA loci, and this effect appeared localized. |
|
If natural selection is the buzz phrase of Darwinian theory, then specified complexity is the buzz phrase of the intelligent design movement. |
|
Darwin found the perfect vehicle for his purpose in the supposed evolution of species by chance variation and natural selection. |
|
Mutation is the primary source of genetic variation upon which natural selection can act. |
|
Pre-biotic natural selection and chemical necessity cannot, as a logical matter, explain the origin of biological information. |
|
There are many excellent popular science books on the subject of evolution and natural selection. |
|
In other words, Darwinian processes of natural selection are now at play in the science media. |
|
The researchers do not know why natural selection favored human ancestors who could run long distances. |
|
As in Darwin's theory of natural selection, a species must adjust to survive. |
|
So, in terms of Biology, natural selection is based on genetic information. |
|
These traits and differences are said to have evolved in our ancestors via natural selection. |
|
Charles Darwin's ideas on evolution through natural selection are the basis for these arguments. |
|
Studying the Galapagos islands helped to inspire Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. |
|
In other words, these capacities are the outcome of evolution by natural selection. |
|
By a process of natural selection the better adapted individuals and species survived while the others died out. |
|
|
They argue that advances in molecular biology suggest that natural selection is wrong. |
|
He says that adaptive fitness, produced by natural selection, is not necessarily related to survival value. |
|
The theory of evolution by natural selection is the unifying theory of biology. |
|
This type of altruism seems inconsistent with principles of natural selection. |
|
In fact, there is no real scientific evidence to refute natural selection as a valid theory. |
|
This helps the market to evolve to become smarter over time through natural selection. |
|
Second, mathematical geneticists showed that the gene frequency change by mutation is much smaller than the change by natural selection. |
|
Scientists came to understand how genes mutate, and how mutations helped make natural selection possible. |
|
Even in biology, apparent purpose is now thought to arise from the undirected mechanism of natural selection acting on random genetic mutations. |
|
The theory of natural selection thus postulates a causal relation wholly unappreciated by natural historians before Darwin. |
|
Evolutionary senescence theory argues that organisms senesce because the power of natural selection decreases with age. |
|
One way to find such genetic signatures is to search for genes that reveal signs of positive natural selection. |
|
Darwin discovered evolution through natural selection, but, a quiet man with a religious wife, he did not engage in the ensuing public debates. |
|
Both yield direct inferences about the process of evolution by natural selection. |
|
This correlation could be explained by a particular migration scheme from Europe to Brazil without the explicative need of natural selection. |
|
This sort of pain is just what we would expect from natural selection, which is a jerry-builder. |
|
In the mid-twentieth century, better methods and better models of natural selection drove the field of animal behavior back to ethology. |
|
The linkage between genes and behaviour is clear, but it did not evolve by natural selection. |
|
Since junk DNA does not code for proteins, mutations can accumulate within it without natural selection weeding them out. |
|
There is now no doubt that natural selection is a mechanism of evolutionary change. |
|
|
But planes would still fly, and life still evolves through natural selection, common descent, and the known workings of genetics. |
|
Biologists were quick to seize upon this as the longed-for evidence of natural selection in action. |
|
Our data suggest that the performance paradigm can be expanded to reveal more of the physiological underpinning of natural selection in the wild. |
|
We are now told, with equal wonder and admiration, that natural selection is the agent of exquisite design. |
|
There is an important conceptual distinction between the evolutionary response to natural selection and phenotypic selection. |
|
The empirically observed mutations are thus neither favored nor disfavored by natural selection. |
|
Without presuming to answer the question, he demonstrated how natural selection works to refine instinct in such cases as slave-making ants or hive-making bees. |
|
Darwin was a British Scientist who developed the theory of evolution and natural selection. |
|
Under the ecological theory of adaptive radiation, adaptation and reproductive isolation are thought to evolve as a result of divergent natural selection. |
|
Unlinked genes may also be associated if biological processes, such as population differentiation, population admixture, and natural selection, occur in a population. |
|
Thus, natural selection should favor parasitoids that utilize as kairomones only the chemicals that uniquely and reliably identify potential hosts. |
|
Black holes could therefore be the vehicle for a kind of cosmic natural selection, in which universes are reproductively favoured if they make lots of black-hole offspring. |
|
Darwin, who viewed natural selection as a process producing slow anagenetic changes along lines of descent, thought that species were arbitrary slices. |
|
His observations of the many varieties of finch birds in the Galapagos Island led him to solidify his theory of natural selection. |
|
Emotions, designed by natural selection and controlled by the limbic system of the brain, motivate infants and children to protest sleep isolation from parents by crying. |
|
Our brains can foresee that if we let natural selection take its course then it could be disastrous in the long run. |
|
The Panglossian view of natural selection is an appealing idea to us as human beings, you argue, because brains have foresight. |
|
Perhaps the possibility should be considered that evolution selects for beings that imagine their own species exempt from natural selection and possible extinction. |
|
Consider Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection. |
|
Most do believe that evolution works by natural selection on changes in organisms due to random changes in their DNA, and the evidence for this is overwhelming. |
|
|
Thus, nothing in life or about the functioning of living organisms can be fully understood without an appreciation of evolution by natural selection. |
|
Few public figures who wish to be taken seriously in any scientific discipline are still trying to discount Darwin's theory of evolution and natural selection. |
|
As for the beautiful color of the giraffe indicating design and not natural selection, I would simply point out that beauty is in the eye of the beholder. |
|
Going back to the 19th century, scientists have proposed that sexual reproduction makes natural selection more effective because it increases genetic variation. |
|
Francis gives a similar explanation for the exceptional mimicry of mockingbirds, suggesting that mimicry itself was not favored by natural selection. |
|
We have taken the reigns of natural selection to become the chief agents of the evolutionary process. |
|
Surely there's not enough intra-species competition for natural selection. |
|
So genetic stock changes through natural selection rather than learning. |
|
You would expect natural selection to remove the unattractive variants. |
|
Even if not every mutation leads to a new evolutionary pathway, the flies are a vivid example of one way mutation can provide variation for natural selection to work on. |
|
The contrast is between a random sampling of gametes that leads to the fixation of selectively neutral alleles and natural selection favoring advantageous variations. |
|
Do plastic traits affect reproductive fitness, suggesting that they may be under natural selection depending on environmental conditions experienced by the plants? |
|
Darwin's theory of natural selection needs to be placed in the context of the history of intellectual thought preceding and contemporary with Darwin. |
|
The key to the mechanism of Darwinian evolution is natural selection. |
|
But they express scorn for the extreme Darwinians, those who treat Darwinism as a religion, or try to interpret human social life by genes or natural selection. |
|
Darwinists virtually never explain in any detail how natural selection would actually get from protein A to protein B after the gene for protein A duplicated. |
|
Peter and Rosemary Grant of Princeton have done some of the best work on natural selection in the wild, documenting its effect on Darwin's finches on the Galapagos island. |
|
And, to avoid competition, natural selection has made sure that, even within a guild there are tiny differences in the diets, habitats or behaviours of each member. |
|
In contrast, the drosophilas of Hawaii owe their oddity entirely to the whims of natural selection. |
|
In biology, Darwinism gained acceptance, promoting the concept of adaptation in the theory of natural selection. |
|
|
Changes in gene frequency brought about by random genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection lead to the evolution of populations. |
|
Diversity appears to increase continually in the absence of natural selection. |
|
Therefore, unlike other methods of controlling the fox population, it is argued that hunting with dogs resembles natural selection. |
|
These religious leaders were suspicious of Darwin's theory, and believed that natural selection needed to be supplemented by another process. |
|
Concepts and models used in evolutionary biology, such as natural selection, have many applications. |
|
Most prominent are the specific behavioural and physical adaptations that are the outcome of natural selection. |
|
He's worked on natural selection among cell lines in sea squirts, and he accepts the basic premise that evolution can occur at different levels. |
|
Others argued that the artificial selection of eugenics should amplify natural selection in eliminating weaklings from the Italian population. |
|
But with blending inheritance, genetic variance would be rapidly lost, making evolution by natural selection implausible. |
|
He wrote most of a second part, on natural selection, but it remained unpublished in his lifetime. |
|
This broad understanding of nature enables scientists to delineate specific forces which, together, comprise natural selection. |
|
The central concept of natural selection is the evolutionary fitness of an organism. |
|
While he was exploring the archipelago, he refined his thoughts about evolution and had his famous insight on natural selection. |
|
Several hands-on activities were also utilized to teach concepts like natural selection, cladograms, and phylogeny. |
|
Without the ability to recombine during meiosis, the Y chromosome is unable to expose individual alleles to natural selection. |
|
Mechanisms that can lead to changes in allele frequencies include natural selection, genetic drift, genetic hitchhiking, mutation and gene flow. |
|
The principal mechanism for evolution is natural selection among diverse populations. |
|
On orthogenesis and the impotence of natural selection in species-formation. |
|
This contrasts the traditional Darwinistic view that they are the result of natural selection in favour of adaptive mutations. |
|
The attendant consequences on viability and population levels fell within the sphere of natural selection. |
|
|
Another factor that leads to the development of dimorphisms in species is natural selection. |
|
In Part Three, Shapiro directly takes on the Darwinian ideas of gradualism and natural selection. |
|
Charles Darwin was the first to describe the role of natural selection in speciation in his 1859 book The Origin of Species. |
|
Darwin argued that it was populations that evolved, not individuals, by natural selection from naturally occurring variation among individuals. |
|
Charles Darwin's 1859 book The Origin of Species explained how species could arise by natural selection. |
|
William Charles Wells, predecessor to Charles Darwin on the theory of natural selection was another schooled in Dumfries. |
|
Thus not all phenomena of evolution are explained by natural selection alone. |
|
The importance of natural selection as a cause of evolution was accepted into other branches of biology. |
|
The theory of natural selection may be so formulated that it is far from tautological. |
|
I still believe that natural selection works in this way as a research programme. |
|
My solution was that the doctrine of natural selection is a most successful metaphysical research programme. |
|
Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection undermined religious certainty and the idea of human uniqueness. |
|
The formation of Botryllus multichimeras sets the 'group level' as the key level at which natural selection acts. |
|
Darwin's book was only partly written when, on 18 June 1858, he received a paper from Wallace describing natural selection. |
|
He later called his theory natural selection, an analogy with what he termed the artificial selection of selective breeding. |
|
The social implications of the theory of evolution by natural selection also became the source of continuing controversy. |
|
When such mutations result in a higher fitness, natural selection favours these phenotypes and the novel trait spreads in the population. |
|
Artificial selection is purposive where natural selection is not, though biologists often use teleological language to describe it. |
|
The scientists scanned the genomes of 89 East Asians, 60 Europeans, and 60 Africans to find DNA stretches recently affected by natural selection. |
|
We have a host of documented examples of natural selection operating in the wild with all the data an avid Herschelian could desire. |
|
|
This gives the appearance of purpose, but in natural selection there is no intentional choice. |
|
The term natural selection is most often defined to operate on heritable traits, because these directly participate in evolution. |
|
This synthesis cemented natural selection as the foundation of evolutionary theory, where it remains today. |
|
For Darwin and his contemporaries, natural selection was in essence synonymous with evolution by natural selection. |
|
In 1859, Charles Darwin set out his theory of evolution by natural selection as an explanation for adaptation and speciation. |
|
While genotypes can slowly change by random genetic drift, natural selection remains the primary explanation for adaptive evolution. |
|
In other words, natural selection is a key process in the evolution of a population. |
|
Naturalist Charles Darwin, authored On the Origin of Species and discovered the principle of evolution by natural selection. |
|
An organism is then atomized into 'traits' and these traits are explained as structures optimally designed by natural selection for their functions. |
|
Mutationism was opposed by many naturalists, particularly biometricians like Briton Karl Pearson who defended Darwinian natural selection as the major cause of evolution. |
|
He felt that it was important that evolution by natural selection be taught in schools and that it was regrettable that English schools had compulsory religious instruction. |
|
Patrick Matthew drew attention to his 1831 book which had a brief appendix suggesting a concept of natural selection leading to new species, but he had not developed the idea. |
|
Verschuuren claims to be a staunch defender of neo-Darwinism or synthetic evolutionary theory, the synthesis of Darwinian natural selection and Mendelian genetic inheritance. |
|
Some argue that natural selection during the Malthusian epoch selected beneficial traits to the growth process and brought about the Industrial Revolution. |
|
On this view, life may have come into existence when RNA chains first experienced the basic conditions, as conceived by Charles Darwin, for natural selection to operate. |
|
Spawning channels preserve the natural selection of natural streams, as there is no benefit, as in hatcheries, to use prophylactic chemicals to control diseases. |
|
The ability to avoid or recover from predation often makes the difference between life and death, and is therefore one of the strongest components of natural selection. |
|
By the end of the decade most scientists agreed that evolution occurred, but only a minority supported Darwin's view that the chief mechanism was natural selection. |
|
This way it looks as if the phenotype were changing guided by some invisible hand, while it is merely natural selection working in combination with the new behaviour. |
|
This teleonomy is the quality whereby the process of natural selection creates and preserves traits that are seemingly fitted for the functional roles they perform. |
|
|
As they exploded across the landscape and invaded ever drier habitats, natural selection favored shorter, wider, more conductively efficient vessels. |
|
Pleiotrophy, natural selection and the evolution of senescence. |
|
The old argument from design in Nature, as given by Paley, which formerly seemed to me so conclusive, fails, now that the law of natural selection has been discovered. |
|
Evolution by means of natural selection is the process by which traits that enhance survival and reproduction become more common in successive generations of a population. |
|
In trying to explain experiments with bacteria which become adapted to, say, penicillin, it is quite clear that we are greatly helped by the theory of natural selection. |
|