| In blowflies, a subset of these sensors make strong monosynaptic connections with the motor neurons of steering muscles. |
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| Proprioceptor afferents project to the phrenic motor neurons and affect their firing rate. |
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| By turning these stem cells into motor neurons they will have a unique opportunity to discover what cause these cells to degenerate. |
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| Paralysis is typically due to damage to the spinal cord or to the motor neurons that control muscles. |
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| Muscles are wired to the brain by nerve cells called motor neurons, which are like wires biochemically soldered to the outside of a muscle fibre. |
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| University of Wisconsin-Madison researchers have turned human embryonic stem cells into spinal motor neurons. |
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| As motor neurons are destroyed, muscles weaken and lose their ability to move. |
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| Crustacean motor neurons subserving locomotion are specialized for the type of activity in which they normally participate. |
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| At early stages of development, single muscle fibers are innervated by axon terminals from several different motor neurons. |
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| Shortterm adjustments of the stomatogastric ganglion motor neurons by neural inputs, peptides, and other neuromodulators are well documented. |
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| They injected these regenerated motor neurons into the spinal cord of a chick, and the neurons grew out and connected up to the rib muscles. |
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| Effective speech depends also on the motor neurons in the cervical and thoracic parts of the spinal cord that serve the muscles of breathing. |
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| Transforming embryonic stem cells into motor neurons had eluded researchers for decades, until now. |
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| The loss of these motor neurons causes the muscles under their control to weaken and waste away, leading to paralysis. |
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| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive disease affecting both upper and lower motor neurons. |
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| The motor neurons may not be able to deal with the excessive levels of calcium flooding in, resulting in damage. |
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| Recent studies of animals revealed variations in how different motor neurons respond to degeneration. |
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| These carry the rhythmic bursts of impulses, relayed from the brain stem via the phrenic motor neurons in the spinal cord, which cause regular inspiration. |
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| In the case of motor neurons, the axon terminal finds the site of the original synapse on the muscle cell by recognizing the basal lamina that fills the synaptic cleft. |
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| Then, guided by an MRI that shows where the motor neurons are, Boulis injects the stem cells, which takes about two minutes. |
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| Muscles are stimulated by signals from nerve cells called motor neurons. |
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| Muscles move in response to impulses from nearby motor neurons. |
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| Respiratory muscle weakness may result from involvement of the descending respiratory pathways, lower respiratory motor neurons, and anterior roots. |
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| If the researchers stopped there, the new motor neurons would send axons, the long nerve fibers that conduct nervous impulses, up and down the rats' spinal cords. |
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| In the disease, motor neurons that carry signals from the brain to the muscles begin to fail. |
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| The failure originates with the motor neurons, which normally carry signals from the brain telling muscles what to do. |
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| Three functional classes of intrinsic enteric neurons are recognized: sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. |
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| These motor neurons then transfer this information to the muscles and cause them to contract. |
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| As a result, the mice experienced regeneration of motor neurons and the recovery of some limb function. |
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| In summary, ALS is a complex disorder in terms of how and why motor neurons are destroyed as well as how different individuals are affected. |
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| Once the supply of motor neurons that control a particular muscle has degenerated, it cannot be regenerated by exercise or anything else. |
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| Arm, hand and finger muscles are controlled by motor neurons in the upper spinal cord. |
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| With this funding, Minh Dang's group will seek a role for the Ndel1 protein in the health of motor neurons. |
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| Definition: A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. |
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| Although it's not known why some motor neurons are more susceptible to injury, it's known that motor neurons differ according to the types of muscle fibers they innervate. |
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| When we treated castrated rats with testosterone, we found increased N-cadherin expression along with a 40 per cent increase in the number of synapses in the motor neurons that control the rats' copulatory reflex. |
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| Effector fatigue can be ruled out by showing that direct stimulation of the motor neurons controlling the withdrawal response can still elicit a perfectly normal reaction even after the response has completely habituated. |
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| More than 70 percent of ALS patients have excessive neurofilament accumulations in their motor neurons. |
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| This phenomenon, first described after passive stretching of the triceps surae, involves stimulation of Ia and II fibers, which activates the motor neurons via a chemical neurotransmitter. |
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| Additionally, swelling and chromatolysis of most neurons in the red nucleus and occasional motor neurons in brainstem nuclei and spinal cord ventral horns was observed. |
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| Scientists have long thought that the mutant SOD1 somehow mucks up the inner workings of the motor neurons and kills them, but no one had been able to prove it. |
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| The reprogrammed cells retained the disease genotype of the adult cells and were stimulated to differentiate into motor neurons that displayed functional insufficiencies associated with spinal muscular atrophy. |
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| Motor units have 1 1 correspondence with motor neurons. |
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| We validated our algorithm in live drosophila motor neurons. |
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| They produce an electrical impulse that travels to motor neurons. |
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| If this is the case, it may open the door to a greater understanding of atypical pathways to cell death and to possible methods of blocking those paths to protect motor neurons from damage. |
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| As motor neurons die, muscles become weaker and stiffer. |
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| In recent years, researchers have considered how injured motor neurons might spur an immune response that could contribute to, and even perpetuate, a cascade of cell death in the nervous system. |
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| However, for the time being researchers must succeed in introducing the U7 gene into the majority of motor neurons in the mouse spinal cord, and then into human patients. |
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| The sensory neurons synapse on the alpha motor neurons within the spinal cord that innervate the muscle that was stretched. |
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| Logically, one should no more infer that the function of vocalizing is to signal affect than, for instance, to show that the vocalizer's laryngeal motor neurons are active. |
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| This stream of information from the brain reaches interneurons in the spinal cord, which then transmit the commands via further circuits to motor neurons innervating muscles. |
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| Several investigators already showed increased muscle activity following joint afferent fiber or mechanoreceptor stimulation and activation of gamma motor neurons. |
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| Motor neurons reach from the brain to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the muscles throughout the body. |
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