One group, the multituberculates, were highly successful gnawing herbivores, and they outlasted the Mesozoic, surviving until the Oligocene. |
|
Grass is a very tough and abrasive material, and herbivores like horses evolved very high-crowned teeth to cope with the wear. |
|
These volatiles can attract the natural enemies of these herbivores, for example, parasitoid wasps. |
|
In any case, these animals quickly radiated into an extraordinary variety of large and small terrestrial herbivores and carnivores. |
|
By devising experiments with and without herbivores, they were able to observe the maximum effect of herbivores on small kelps. |
|
Anthrax is a zoonosis, accidentally transmitted from herbivores to humans with no onward person to person transmission. |
|
These animals are herbivores, specializing on the flowers of creosote bushes. |
|
Two species of lemmings are the only other herbivores that occur in significant numbers on the island. |
|
During the Late Permian they evolved huge, heavily armored herbivores, the pareiasaurs. |
|
The saurischian dinosaurs include both carnivores, the theropods, and herbivores, the sauropods. |
|
During the Norian age the fortunes of the many types of Carnian terrestrial herbivores seem to have declined. |
|
Most ducks are omnivorous, but some are primarily herbivores and others are mostly carnivorous. |
|
Some are herbivores, grazing on the filamentous algae covering coral reefs, and a few eat seagrasses and algae on reef flats. |
|
Why don't horned herbivores, constantly threatened by predators like lions and tigers, gang up on them instead of always running away? |
|
Cows are innocent herbivores that would never knowingly consume the rendered remains of their fellow creatures. |
|
While monophagous herbivores were typically found at lower densities in polycultures, polyphagous herbivores showed a more variable response. |
|
Deer are herbivores and sika are no exception, munching just about any kind of vegetation. |
|
Isolated predators were no more vulnerable than herbivores or detritus feeders. |
|
Feeding herbivores scientifically patented diets of ground sheep and beef meat, brains, and minced bone meal, is absolutely insane. |
|
Trade-offs in fitness on different host plants has been a central hypothesis in explaining the evolutionary specialization of herbivores. |
|
|
Just as carnivores eat meat and herbivores eat plant matter, frugivores subsist primarily on fruit. |
|
The natural world requires a balance of carnivores, omnivores and herbivores. |
|
Feeding on them are microscopic and macroscopic herbivores, with carnivores preying on them. |
|
The plants supported a variety of large and small herbivores that in turn were prey for carnivores and scavengers. |
|
Additionally, grasslands began to spread, and this led to an evolutionary radiation of open habitat herbivores and carnivores. |
|
Members of this family are omnivores and herbivores, feeding mainly on underground fungi and tubers also taking some seeds and insects. |
|
Based on feeding habits, researchers broadly classify ray-finned fishes as herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, zooplanktivores and detrivores. |
|
The earliest to develop were the somewhat more derived ungainly carnivores, omnivores and herbivores of the Dinocephalian lineages. |
|
Pigs are omnivores not herbivores and do not carry BSE, so why had we to subsidise the BSE offal disposal in the first place? |
|
In Datura stramonium, no effect of inbreeding could be detected on resistance to two herbivores. |
|
Biomass of herbivores and predators may also reflect resource levels and plant biomass. |
|
Plants, herbivores and carnivores are connected through an intricate array of chemical linkages. |
|
Many herbivores, including the elephants of today, are exceptionally strong swimmers. |
|
Two basic assumptions lie at the root of most theories of coevolution between plants and their herbivores. |
|
Researchers believe that the goose was evolving into the niche of mammalian herbivores which were missing from the islands. |
|
When Jane Goodall first witnessed and wrote of chimps eating meat, our notion of these primates as passive herbivores changed completely. |
|
Any sensible person could see that it could not be healthy to feed sheep remains to herbivores such as cows. |
|
One surface represented the pattern of selection exerted by herbivores alone on these characters. |
|
Numerous ecological studies have demonstrated that attack by herbivores can reduce plant fitness. |
|
This includes both carnivores such as wolves, which eat other animals, and herbivores such as cows, which eat plants. |
|
|
Bristletails are nocturnal herbivores and detritivores with a very broad dietary range. |
|
Ecologically, they range from forest dwellers, such as wild pigs and chevrotains, to dominant large herbivores on grasslands. |
|
Insects include among their number parasites, parasitoids, carnivores, herbivores, scavengers, and detritivores. |
|
The presence of herbivores also increased periphytic nutrient content in some experiments. |
|
Insects such as ants, wasps and flies from the vicinity are attracted to these rewards and defend the plants facultatively against herbivores. |
|
Other investigations suggest a fundamental role for plant phenology in the population dynamics of oak herbivores. |
|
Conversely, selective foraging by herbivores alters plant community composition, which indirectly decreases nitrogen cycling. |
|
Most endophytes produce N-rich alkaloid compounds that deter or poison a range of vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores. |
|
Modern sirenians are large, docile, aquatic herbivores that have flippers for forelimbs and no hind limbs. |
|
The one hundred kilograms of herbivores can support only ten kilograms of foxes or crabeater seals. |
|
The tracks, which have been placed in the form genus Caririchnium, were made by ornithopod dinosaurs, large herbivores. |
|
Grazing by large herbivores does not favour cyanogenesis, but some invertebrate herbivory may do so. |
|
In the field experiments, generalist aphids and darkling beetles were the dominant herbivores. |
|
The members of Echinoidea are suspension feeders, herbivores, detritivores, and predators. |
|
Thus, the evidence shows conclusively that the damage documented here was caused by herbivores, not detritivores. |
|
Sodium, by contrast, can be quite difficult to obtain for detritivores and herbivores in the terrestrial environment. |
|
One group of therapsids, the dicynodonts, were herbivores with a worldwide distribution. |
|
It occurs most frequently as an epizootic or enzootic disease of herbivores that acquire spores from direct contact with contaminated soil. |
|
They are diurnal herbivores, hiding in reef crevices during nighttime and browsing over reefs to feed during the day. |
|
Large exclosures were used to exclude mammalian herbivores, and open units of the same size were used as controls. |
|
|
Using animal exclosures similar to Bartholomew's, Halligan also examined the effects of small herbivores. |
|
Flowers opened inside the bags, and any resulting fruits developed within the exclosures, thus being also protected from herbivores. |
|
Causes can include intrinsic factors, such as high seed set, or extrinsic factors, such as a loss of competitors or herbivores. |
|
Unlike the other small mammals, acouchis are herbivores and eat grass roots, leaves, and fruit. |
|
This is certainly not the case in living communities, in which carnivores are at the top of the food pyramid and thus are much less abundant than herbivores. |
|
There were the small herbivores and scavengers and hunters scuttling in the undergrowth, hiding from the larger predators who occasioned down from the heights. |
|
In the second part, the herbivores, omnivores, and carnivores are divided into large and small categories for comparison within and between subregions. |
|
The great abundance of bones of large herbivores in the Yedoma is convincing evidence of the rich pasturage offered by this region during the Pleistocene. |
|
It was this symbiosis between large herbivores and micro-organisms that sustained biological decay as well as adequate disturbance on a periodic basis. |
|
These generalists were mainly unspecialized herbivores or omnivores, with partially fossorial habits, strong territoriality and high reproductive rates. |
|
The theriodonts included both carnivores and herbivores, and various lineages correlated to late Cenozoic wolves, weasels, otters, rodents, and shrews. |
|
It is also interesting that this ecosystem has no animals which are strict herbivores, but rather they are omnivores, switching between diets of eating algae and animals. |
|
The area, which once hosted a large lake, had an attractive climate that enticed herbivores and then carnivores. |
|
For the next 80 million years, synapsids evolved into various wolflike and bearlike predators, as well as into an array of peculiar piglike herbivores. |
|
As an antifeedant, neem oil is so effective that in tests desert locusts, voracious herbivores, will starve to death before eating plants treated with neem oil. |
|
In their turn the herbivores are eaten by carnivores or by scavengers and, eventually, all organisms are broken down by bacteria into nutrients that return to the environment. |
|
The ornithischians are herbivores, and include the plated Stegosaurus, the armored Ankylosaurus, horned ceratopsians, and duck-billed hadrosaurids. |
|
All of the common herbivores and their main predators are found here along with black faced impala, Damara dik-dik, roan antelope, red hartebeest and black rhino. |
|
However this strategy is not feasible for endothermic herbivores with a rapid metabolic rate and having limited time available to extract energy and nutrients. |
|
While the fossorial rodents are herbivores, typically feeding on roots and tubers, the talpid moles, golden moles and marsupial mole are largely insectivorous. |
|
|
Mammals and birds in particular developed new forms, whether as fast-running herbivores, large predatory mammals and birds, or small quick birds and rodents. |
|
Future exploration and quantification of the appendicular skeleton is necessary to complete the paleobiological and paleoecological picture of these giant herbivores. |
|
Hares are resident herbivores, grazing in both dune and marsh areas. |
|
When coupled with a thick layer of cuticle or bark, the self-sealing mechanisms of sieve cells apparently protect phloem sap from most herbivores. |
|
Ambush foragers typically respond visually to moving prey, but omnivores and herbivores may frequently need to identify immobile plant parts as food. |
|
Theropods were also radiating as herbivores or omnivores, with therizinosaurians and ornithomimosaurians becoming common. |
|
Caviids are grassland-scrubland species, while abrocomids are small herbivores of xeric Andean habitats. |
|
However, small herbivores rather than macrograzers or simulated herbivory are expected to trigger the induction of anti-herbivory defences. |
|
They were the main food of herbivorous dinosaurs, and their resins and poisons would have given protection against herbivores. |
|
They are an adaptation that protects the plant from being eaten by herbivores. |
|
The Permian period saw the development of a fully terrestrial fauna and the appearance of the first large herbivores and carnivores. |
|
Though carnivorous, they house gut flora similar to that of terrestrial herbivores, probably a remnant of their herbivorous ancestry. |
|
Like many other herbivores, antelopes rely on keen senses to avoid predators. |
|
Around 2 percent of lizard species, including many iguanids, are herbivores. |
|
At the same time, several groups of dinosaurian herbivores evolved more sophisticated ways to orally process food. |
|
Ornithischia includes a variety of species which were primarily herbivores. |
|
Other mammals, called herbivores, eat plants, which contain complex carbohydrates such as cellulose. |
|
Some physiological carnivores consume plant matter and some physiological herbivores consuming meat. |
|
Their digestive systems allow them to subsist on diets of lower nutritional quality than that necessary for other herbivores. |
|
Horses are herbivores with a digestive system adapted to a forage diet of grasses and other plant material, consumed steadily throughout the day. |
|
|
Sheep are largely grazing herbivores, unlike browsing animals such as goats and deer that prefer taller foliage. |
|
Hay is generally one of the safest feeds to provide to domesticated grazing herbivores. |
|
For most of history, artificial selection on large herbivores was probably weak, Marshall said. |
|
Other insect herbivores found on turnip plants included aphids, several lepidopteran species, and other leaf beetles. |
|
The team clipped sagebrush shrubs in a way that copied the behaviour of herbivores eating leaves. |
|
The Beeb's unique wildlife series brings to life again the sauropod dinosaurs, huge long-necked herbivores weighing between 20 and 70 tonnes. |
|
The scientists said that they believe that it is a new species of titanosaur, enormous herbivores dating from the Late Cretaceous period. |
|
Interactions between aboveground herbivores and the mycorrhizal mutualists of plants. |
|
These authors suggested that the AChE inhibitors in nutgrass could possibly act as the plants' defense against herbivores. |
|
Collared peccaries are primarily herbivores that feed on prickly pears, roots, mesquite beans, and other succulent vegetation. |
|
But the giant packs formed by dire wolves were organised to be able to kill some of these super-sized herbivores. |
|
Isolation of natural cultures of anaerobic fungi and indigenously associated methanogens from herbivores and their bioconversion of lignocellulosic materials to methane. |
|
Their food source is leaves, fruits and flowers of woody plants, primarily acacia species, which they browse at heights most other herbivores cannot reach. |
|
Most livestock are herbivores, except for the pig which is an omnivore. |
|
Large numbers of herbivores wandered in herds over vast distances. |
|
Larger mammals include carnivores pumas, jaguars, ocelots, rare bush dogs, and foxes, and herbivores peccaries, tapirs, anteaters, sloths, opossums, and armadillos. |
|
Plants contain toxins which protect them from herbivores, but some caterpillars have evolved countermeasures which enable them to eat the leaves of such toxic plants. |
|
One way that different herbivores can survive together in a given area is for each species to have different food preferences, although there may be some overlap. |
|
Termites are herbivores and detritivores variously involved in the comminution and decomposition of vegetable matter, through most of the warm temperate and tropical zones. |
|
Juveniles of Plateosaurus and other taxa of herbivores were too light to sink into the mud or managed to extract themselves, and were thus not preserved. |
|
|
Introduced goats, cattle, rabbits and other herbivores can lead to problems, particularly when species need vegetation to protect or shade their young. |
|
Leaf-cutting ant species of the Acromyrmex and Atta genera are the most important herbivores that exist in subtropical regions throughout LatinAmerican countries. |
|
Felton GW, Donato K, Del Vecchio RJ, Duffey SS, Activation of plant foliar oxidases by insect feeding reduces nutritive quality of foliage for noctuid herbivores. |
|
Pilobolus, a coprophilous zygomycete, is associated with herbivores. |
|
Large herbivores are represented by elephants, wild boar, forest musk deer, Indian Muntjack, hog deer, Sambar, Gaur, Common Goral, mainland serow, Takin, and Bharal. |
|
The fauna of the region includes herbivores such as reindeer and musk ox as well as carnivores such as wolverine, polar fox, gyrfalcon, rough-legged buzzard and golden eagle. |
|
However, if this were true, all or most masting species in a forest would have to mast in synchrony to be effective against generalist herbivores. |
|
These aromatics are usually secondary metabolites produced by plants as protection against herbivores, infections, as well as to attract pollinators. |
|