| Information on aperture type, exine sculpturing and the diameters of pollen grains were cited from Liang. |
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| A few grains were seen which had shed the exine and released a circular microgametophyte, although the actual process was not observed. |
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| Short elongated elements occur on the orbicule wall, similar to those present on the pollen exine. |
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| The two morphs of both species produce equivalent numbers of pollen grains, but the grains differ with respect to exine sculpturing and size. |
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| Recent palynological research has revealed diverse exine ornamentation in Rheum, but the variations in ornamentation are not consistent with the morphological classification. |
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| Orbicules may be attached to the exine of the pollen grains. |
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| The other parts constituting the wall of the grain are an inner layer, the intine, and an outer layer, the exine. |
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| For example, the top surface is analyzed to understand the ornamentation while the central images help to identify the cytoplasm or the exine thickness. |
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| The exine with an Helianthoid pattern in the pollen of Erythrocephalum is completely absent in Mutisioideae. |
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| Acetolysis and treatment with NaOH are known to dissolve the exine of Xyridaceae pollen, thus only untreated grains were examined. |
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| Pollen grains possessing a much-reduced exine and elaborated intine are known to occur in 54 families of angiosperms and are nearly ubiquitous in Zingiberales. |
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| Clypeate grains are either functionally omniaperturate and have a thin exine and uniformly thickened intine or are porate with localized thickenings of intine. |
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| Exine and Intine are formed in this stage and tapetum in this plant is plasmodial type. |
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