| However, the presence of modulation in feeding among the elasmobranchs has not been extensively studied. |
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| The quadratomandibularis extends between the palatoquadrate and mandible and may assist in protruding the upper jaw in all elasmobranchs. |
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| A special gland in the female, unique to elasmobranchs and known as the oviducal, nidamental, or shell gland, produces the egg case. |
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| Like other elasmobranchs, skates are vulnerable to overfishing because they mature late. |
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| In vertebrates, the smallest number of research citations on these peptides are commonly in the cyclostomes and elasmobranchs. |
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| In elasmobranchs, we hypothesize that vagility increases with body size, vagility is lowest in benthic species, higher in benthopelagic species, and highest in pelagic species. |
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| Fish included many elasmobranchs as well as osteichthyes such as palaeoniscoids, dipnoi, selachians, and crossopterygians, together with the ancient acanthodians. |
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| Additional comments are made below regarding the distribution of epipelagic, mesopelagic, and benthopelagic elasmobranchs and teleosts in the upwelling assemblages. |
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| Physical subdivision and structural alteration have been implicated in the evolution of the muscles involved in protruding the upper jaw in elasmobranchs. |
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| Catsharks, like other elasmobranchs, have a high sensitivity to electric fields created by the movement of water, of other fishes, and even the movement of the earth. |
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| The net primarily targets flatfishes but also catches small demersal fishes, such as gadids and some elasmobranchs. |
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| As is characteristic of elasmobranchs, batoids undergo internal fertilisation. |
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| Correctly determining the age of fish, particularly elasmobranchs, is crucial if time-based life history rates such as growth, maturity, and mortality are to be estimated. |
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| If the slightly agape mouth is closed prior to mouth opening, this is termed the preparatory phase and is more common in suction-feeding bony fishes than elasmobranchs. |
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| One strategy for managing shark fisheries and reducing bycatch is to employ repellents that selectively repel elasmobranchs but do not repel target species. |
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