| In 1883, the American Bar Association began exploring the concept of dual federalism. |
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| American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. |
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| Because of his personal acquaintance with James Madison, whom he characterized as a proponent of dual federalism, Stevenson delivered an address on the subject at the Association's annual meeting. |
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| However, since the Civil War Era, the national courts often interpret the federal government as the final judge of its own powers under dual federalism. |
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| This tendency gives this dual federalism model a number of traits that generally are ascribed to confederalism, and makes the future of Belgian federalism contentious. |
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| Dual federalism emphasized the separateness of the tiers and the need to limit the national government so that it did not undermine the sovereignty of each state as vouchsafed by the constitution. |
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