How to use diploid in a sentence

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Sentence Examples The hexaploid wheat genome is composed of three related diploid genomes designated A, B, and D with seven chromosomes each. Male sporogenesis begins with the division of a diploid sporophytic cell that gives rise to the tapetal initial and the sporogenous cell. Sporic life cycles are sometimes called diplohaplontic, indicating that both diploid and haploid free-living stage occur. Currently, six major tetraploid races are recognized and their diploid progenitors have been identified. There is, however, evidence of genome downsizing in polyploids relative to their diploid progenitors in some cases. Meiosis is the program used by sexually reproducing organisms to produce haploids from diploid precursors. The life-cycle is of haplontic type showing alternation of dominant haploid stage with short-lived diploid stage. If it is primarily haploid, it is said to have a haplontic cycle, and if it is primarily diploid, it is said to have a diplontic cycle. In the case of developing eggs, the diploid oogonia continue to divide mitotically for a short time in the ovary. Restoration of the diploid stage is often strictly controlled and brings together products separated at the first meiotic division. Both F. jinshaense and F. gilesii are self-incompatible with heterostylous flowers and are diploid. Note that copy numbers in tetraploids were slightly less than double those in respective diploid progenitors. In the present context, a molecular genetic marker is considered as a point on a pair of homolog chromosomes of a diploid species. The plant life cycle alternates between a diploid sporophyte and a haploid gametophyte generation. Many algae are characterized by an alternation of haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generations. Zygotic embryogenesis in animals and plants starts with the fusion of the haploid female and male gametes, giving rise to a diploid zygote. Meiosis is the process by which diploid organisms produce haploid gametes capable of sexual reproduction. The responses of haploid and diploid plants to powdery mildew were identical. Histological and cytological studies confirmed the existence of diploid males in honeybees. Seeds of diploid wheats and primitive tetraploid wheats were obtained from Dr CI Kling. Show More Sentences Once the two desmids have joined, their cytoplasm fuses into a single diploid cell, the zygote, which encases itself in a thick wall. Most of our discussions center around a simple case in which the loci are modeled as diploid with two possible allelomorphs. Normal diploid human cells multiply for a finite number of generations and then enter a state of replicative senescence. Ten of 18 diploid neoplasms were associated with an adverse event, and 2 of 9 aneuploid neoplasms were associated with an adverse event. Patients with aneuploid tumors have a poorer five-year survival rate than patients with diploid tumors. White mutant diploid zygospores did not germinate when subjected to low light overnight. The fusion of egg and sperm restores the diploid chromosome number in the zygote. Sixty-one triploid F 1 plants were crossed with diploid pollen donors for testcrosses. Double fertilization of egg cell and central cell initiates development of the diploid embryo and the triploid endosperm, respectively. Like tomato and pepper, eggplant is an autogamous diploid with 12 chromosomes. Attempts to introduce variability from wild diploid species into polyploids have taken several paths and have frequently met with difficulty. For sporulation, diploid cells with plasmids were first grown in selective media. Recent molecular data indicate differences in molecular chromosome organization among the genomes of diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid wheat. Our studies on isogenic diploid and tetraploid cells show that tetraploids have increased chromosome instability during exponential growth. Abnormal diploid, triploid and tetraploid nuclei with separated dual color signals were clearly distinguishable from normal nuclei. In most diplonts, mitosis occurs only in the diploid phase, i.e. gametes usually form quickly and fuse to produce diploid zygotes. He argues that a cladistic treatment of data from diploid and allopolyploid taxa together will inevitably produce a wrong result. Most basidiomycete fungi do not undergo nuclear fusion to form diploid nuclei until just prior to meiosis. The practical application that is considered is the full-sib family of a diploid outbreeding species. For example, it has a small diploid genome, self-fertile flowers, and a short generation time. Show More Sentences At this stage the triploid endosperm nuclei are approximately the same size as the diploid nuclei of the pericarp and nucellus. The compactness of rice and sorghum genomes is evident compared to barley and diploid wheat genomes. In triploids, three separate haploid chromosome sets have been observed, as well as one diploid and one haploid set. We examined the genetics of hybrid incompatibility between two closely related diploid hermaphroditic plant species. The change in allele frequency at the modifier locus during diploid selection is given by Recombination. Oocytes and sperm are haploid, with one set of chromosomes, whereas somatic cells are diploid, with two chromosomal sets. We started the experiments described below by establishing large populations of diploid cells. In sexual reproduction a diploid somatic cell, the megaspore mother cell, undergoes meiosis to produce four reduced megaspores. As discussed in the introduction, the majority of studies aimed at transforming normal diploid cells in culture were carried out using freshly explanted diploid rodent cells. In apomixis, an embryo is created from a diploid cell in the ovule. The results from these studies are generally consistent with theoretical expectations of higher genetic diversity in tetraploids than their diploid progenitors. The hybrid plants, used as the female parents, were back-crossed with H. polyrhizus and S. megalanthus, crossed with the diploid H. undatus, or selfed. The endosperm, a result of double fertilization in flowering plants, is a triploid tissue whose genetic composition is more complex than diploid tissue. The first hypothesis assumes that triploidy is associated with the origin of parthenogenesis and that both diploid and tetraploid parthenogenetic forms are derived. In fungi, plasmodial slime mold displays a diploid life history. We spread unpurified spores from the diploid onto a YPD plate containing cycloheximide and determined the fate of the cells after 12 hr of incubation. The alternate phase of the plant life cycle is the sporophyte, the diploid plant form, with each cell containing two complete sets of chromosomes. The most common mode of haplodiploid reproduction is arrhenotoky where males develop from unfertilized haploid eggs and females from fertilized diploid eggs. Easypop can simulate haploid, diploid, or haplodiploid organisms. In all three polyploids, the respective tetraploid and hexaploid genome sizes are slightly larger than the corresponding multiple of the diploid subsp. glaucum. Show More Sentences The observed segmental structure of the Brassica genome strongly suggests that the extant Brassica diploid species evolved from a hexaploid ancestor. In the following, we use superscripts H, S, and D to denote variables measured after haploid selection, syngamy, and diploid selection, respectively. Gynogenesis is like parthenogenesis in that diploid zygotes inheriting all chromosomes from their mother can develop without a genetic contribution from males. About 200,000 years ago, at nearly the same time that modern humans originated in Africa, two diploid grass species hybridized to form polyploid wheat in the Middle East. The diploid, the triploid and the pentaploid hybrids tested had the expected number of two, three and five rDNA hybridization sites, respectively. Note that the life cycle of the wild type usually is diploid and mating of two haploid amoebae then is a prerequisite for plasmodial development and allows genetic analyses. In all four cases the embryos produced by mutant females had a small number of apparently polyploid nuclei rather than the normal, large number of diploid syncytial nuclei. The micronuclei of wild-type pairs provided a reliable diploid standard to quantify the macronuclear DNA content of exconjugants by cytophotometry. I assume that each new diploid individual results from the random fusion of a male and a female gamete and that its gender is independent of its autosomal genes. Simultaneous analysis of the haploid megagametophyte and diploid embryo in a seed allows the female and male gametic contributions to the zygote to be separated. The alternation between haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte phases, known as alternation of generations, occurs in all multi-cellular plants. The presence of pheromone might induce cells to adopt a bipolar budding pattern similar to diploid cells in which daughter cells choose distal sites at a high frequency. We also wished to explore patterns of gene evolution in polyploid cotton, using as a comparative framework orthologs from the diploid progenitors. However, to a low extent, viable spores can also be recovered from a very small population of homozygous diploid nuclei in an otherwise haploid plasmodium. An obvious question is whether the mat bias is absent in azygotic meiosis after homologous chromosomes have coexisted in diploid cells for many mitotic divisions. Yellow starthistle is a highly competitive diploid winter annual of Eurasian origin that is advancing steadily on western rangelands of the United States. The diploid sporophyte has 2n paired chromosomes, where n varies from species to species. These fuse by the process of fertilisation to form diploid zygotes, which develop into new individuals. Upon fertilization, the diploid egg will give rise to the embryo, and a seed is produced. The basic diploid number is 48, while some are tetraploid with 96, and others hexaploid with 144 and octaploid with 192 chromosomes. Show More Sentences In each of these, the fundamental number is double the diploid number because no telocentric chromosomes were observed. The asexual, diploid schizont stage typically has one or more umbilical plugs, while the sexual, haploid gamont stage lacks an umbilical plug. Figure 3E shows an example of metaphase spread and its karyogram of a heterozygous diploid. Differentiation on the basis of diploid number of chromosomes in the late 20th century has been flawed by several inconsistencies. This is actually a species complex that includes distinct diploid and tetraploid races. The kelp life cycle involves a diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte stage. Then there would be no way to untangle the mess of AD sequences without comparing them to their diploid counterparts. To prevent spawning, sterile oysters are now cultured by crossbreeding tetraploid and diploid oysters. Once both diploid genomes are assembled, then research could begin sequencing the actual genomes of cultivated cotton varieties. Life history divergence on sympatric diploid and polyploid populations of brine shrimp Artemiaparthenogenetica. Fertilization leads to the formation of a diploid zygote that can then develop into an embryo within the emerging seed. The members of an autosome pair in a diploid cell have the same morphology unlike those in allosome pairs which may have different structure. The diploid nuclei of blastospores can undergo meiosis, including recombination, to form haploid basidiospores that can be dispersed. The diploid part of the cycle is called the sporophyte, which is the dominant stage. The diploid sporophytes appear only occasionally and remain attached to and nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte. The genus Gossypium of the Malvaceae comprises 45 diploid and at least of 5 tetraploids species. Like all land plants, they have a life cycle referred to as alternation of generations, characterized by alternating diploid sporophytic and haploid gametophytic phases. Most fungi have both a haploid and a diploid stage in their life cycles. Triploid eggs produced mostly aneuploid larvae and had an extremely small chance of generating viable offspring when fertilized by sperm from diploid males. The type of parthenogenesis that likely occurs is automixis with terminal fusion, a process in which two terminal products from the same meiosis fuse to form a diploid zygote. Show More Sentences Human diploid fibroblasts cultured under normal conditions have been reported to develop an irreversible cell cycle arrest, referred to as replicative senescence. Examples from Classical Literature In animals, as in plants, the diploid generation attained the higher development and gradually assumed the dominant position. The uninitiated sees in the more highly organised plants only a succession of diploid generations. Similarly all the higher animals appear to us as independent organisms with diploid nuclei only. They appear with this arrangement in all subsequent nuclear divisions in the diploid generation. Technically the tissue-cells are said to contain the diploid number of chromosomes, the gametes the reduced or haploid number. Find more words! 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What is the opposite of diploid? Words that rhyme with diploid What is the plural of diploid? What is the adjective for diploid? What is the noun for diploid? Use our Sentence Generator Nearby Words diploe diplodocus diplococcus diplococci diploblastic diphyodont diploids diploidy diploma diplomacy diplomas diplomat 7-letter Words Starting With d di dip dipl diplo diploi