| Because the courts of appeals possess only appellate jurisdiction, they do not hold trials. |
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| As of 2006, there were approximately 1,000 aqsaqal courts throughout Kyrgyzstan, including in the capital of Bishkek. |
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| Admiralty courts, also known as maritime courts, are courts exercising jurisdiction over all maritime contracts, torts, injuries, and offenses. |
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| The Code was also adopted in Egypt as part of the system of mixed courts introduced in Egypt after the fall of Khedive Ismail. |
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| In a few locations, municipal courts have been retained to the exclusion of the establishment of district courts. |
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| The aqsaqal courts were eventually included under Article 92 of the Kyrgyz constitution. |
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| The United States courts are divided over how to admit statements made in AAVE under evidence. |
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| The various courts of review comprise one bishop, three priests or deacons, and three lay persons. |
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| This is a question that the courts treat as objective, addressed by evidence and argument. |
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| Bonaparte also insisted that the courts judging civil and criminal cases should be the same, if only to give them more prestige. |
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| As far as the King's courts were concerned, the land belonged to the trustee, who was under no obligation to return it. |
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| District courts are often responsible for handling the preliminary examination and for setting bail in felony cases. |
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| The rules that govern the procedure in the courts of appeals are the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure. |
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| In 1995, President of Kyrgyzstan Askar Akaev announced a decree to revitalize the aqsaqal courts of village elders. |
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| One of those two special courts dealt with cases arising within Tenochtitlan, the other with cases originating from outside the capital. |
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| Writs applied to claims that were to be heard in one of the courts which eventually formed part of the High Court of Justice. |
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| It is also cited in courts and law in the US, and is strongly emphasised to American law students. |
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| Trial courts are made up of lay persons and of priests or deacons, with the clergy to have a majority by one. |
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| A trial before the courts would delay their business, and that meant losing money. |
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| In such a case, it may be difficult to locate the ratio, and on occasion, the courts have been unable to do so. |
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|
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| Supreme Court and many state supreme courts began publishing their own official reporters. |
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| Some special courts were created to judge of criminals who could intimidate the jury. |
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| Generally speaking decisions from the higher courts will bind the lower courts. |
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| First, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, federal courts used injunctions to break strikes by unions. |
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| Federal courts are solely creatures of the federal Constitution and the federal Judiciary Acts. |
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| The Supreme Court was the only court specifically established by the Constitution while all other federal courts were created by Congress. |
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| Precedent has since established that the courts could exercise judicial review over the actions of Congress or the executive branch. |
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| The United States courts of appeals are considered among the most powerful and influential courts in the United States. |
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| But it then passed the new Judiciary Act of 1802 in April, so that the revival of the old courts never took effect. |
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| It was ultimately abolished in 1984 when the Nova Scotia courts formally ended the practice. |
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| He reformed the courts of justice and the municipal charters with the crown, modernizing taxes and the concepts of tributes and rights. |
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| Likewise, military courts dealt with both cases within the military and without during wartime. |
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| The constitution also provides for the establishment of village or island courts presided over by chiefs to deal with questions of customary law. |
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| Initially for common law, recourse to the King's courts was unusual, and something for which a plaintiff would have to pay. |
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| In all 13 colonies, Patriots had overthrown their existing governments, closing courts and driving away British officials. |
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| Unlike courts of common law tradition, ecclesiastical tribunals do not follow the adversarial system. |
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| The ecclesiastical courts formerly had jurisdiction over the personal estates of deceased persons to grant probate or administration. |
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| In cases involving church doctrine, ceremony or ritual, the aforementioned courts have no jurisdiction. |
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| In 1483 these local courts were amalgamated into a single High Court of Admiralty, administered by the Lord High Admiral of England. |
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| Any courts can rule on any various issue, including maritime or admiralty if applicable to the claimants. |
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| As a result, lower courts refined the High Court test when subsequently applying it. |
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| Its use continued for several centuries in the courts of England and Wales and Ireland. |
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| In a legal context, this is understood to mean that courts should generally abide by precedent and not disturb settled matters. |
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| Decisions of courts from all over the world can now be found through the WorldLII Web site, and the sites of its member organizations. |
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| Hamilton, who was then the Chief Justice of the Protectorate and the reports covered all courts of different jurisdictions. |
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| He supervised the activity and behaviour of royal sheriffs and sergeants, held courts and reported on these things to the king personally. |
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| A prime example would be the use of the Discovery Doctrine which is still used in the courts of the United States of America. |
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| This rule, however, has attracted increasing scrutiny from Australian courts and legal commentators. |
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| The injunction is an equitable remedy, that is, a remedy that originated in the English courts of equity. |
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| Different federal and state courts sometimes have slightly different requirements for obtaining a permanent injunction. |
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| In the United States, circuit courts were first established in the British Thirteen Colonies. |
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| The courts however decided that there was no privity of contract between manufacturer and consumer. |
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| Trial records from the Inquisition and secular courts discovered a link between prostitutes and supernatural practices. |
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| The plea arose in local courts for slander, breach of contract, or interference with land, goods, or persons. |
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| Circuit courts have appellate jurisdiction from district and municipal courts, as well as from decisions and decrees of state agencies. |
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| Clause 1 of Section 2 authorizes the federal courts to hear actual cases and controversies only. |
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| Since the lower federal courts were created by Congress with the Judiciary Act of 1789, their jurisdiction had to be defined by Congress. |
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| Since it is a court's duty to decide cases, courts have to be able to decide what law applies to each case. |
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| As new states were admitted to the Union, Congress often did not create circuit courts for them for a number of years. |
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| This Act, however, was repealed in March 1802, and Congress provided that the former circuit courts would be revived as of July 1 of that year. |
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| United States, the courts attacked large companies for strategizing with others or within their own companies to maximize profits. |
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| Admiralty courts were a prominent feature in the prelude to the American Revolution. |
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| The government, courts and civil and criminal laws enforce a moral code established by Shari'ah. |
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| Denis also decreed that Portuguese replace Latin as the language of the law courts in his kingdom. |
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| They were received at the courts of sultans, kings, and princes, and often were employed as ambassadors, envoys, or agents. |
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| The high courts or audiencias were established in major areas of Spanish settlement. |
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| There is no stare decisis in that courts are not bound by precedent, although it is influential. |
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| Municipal courts serve the cities, and most cases start in the district courts, which are courts of general jurisdiction. |
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| The judicial branch consists of various levels of courts as well as the attorneys general offices. |
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| The common law courts also had jurisdiction over some estates matters, but their remedies for problems were far more limited. |
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| A system of ecclesiastical courts is provided for under Title IV of the canons of General Convention. |
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| Since the Reformation, ecclesiastical courts in England have been royal courts. |
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| In Sri Lanka, judges of most courts are addressed as Your Honour, however the Chief Justice is addressed as Your Lordship. |
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| As the central courts only sat for three months of the year, the rest of his time was spent on Assize when his work at All Souls permitted. |
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| In the United States, some courts have applied US copyright protection to pornographic materials. |
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| In the Middle Ages in many areas of Europe these courts had much wider powers than before the development of nation states. |
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| Each college has a unique identity and a variety of facilities for students ranging from computer rooms and libraries to tennis courts and gyms. |
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| Though many courts have changed their procedures to adapt to the ruling, there are still forms of en masse trials practiced at the border. |
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| The agreement can be ratified by the competent national courts and can also lay the foundation for consensual separation or divorce. |
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| By 407, the estrangement between the eastern and western courts had become so bitter that it threatened civil war. |
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| Starting with the Proclamation of 1763, these courts were given jurisdiction over a number of laws affecting the colonies. |
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| The different roles of case law in civil law and common law traditions create differences in the way that courts render decisions. |
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| Additional sports facilities include a sportsfield, running track, 3 badminton courts and a weights area. |
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| The courts were abolished in 1975, with building regulation transferred to the relevant local authority. |
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| Teams competing traditionally camp alongside the outdoor courts with the campsite being administered by local cadets. |
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| Precepts of the lex mercatoria were also kept alive through equity and the admiralty courts in maritime affairs. |
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| The courts have held that the duress must come from an extraneous source, rather than internal thought processes. |
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| In that situation, courts will look to holdings of other jurisdictions for persuasive authority. |
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| Many governmental bodies that are titled 'tribunals' are so described to emphasize that they are not courts of normal jurisdiction. |
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| The development of the Internet created the opportunity for courts to publish their decisions on Web sites. |
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| The Supreme Court is the main body in the system of courts of general jurisdiction. |
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| The Tryst houses the Cumbernauld swimming team, the Tryst Lions wrestling club and squash and badminton courts as well as gyms. |
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| Earls no longer aided in tax collection or made decisions in country courts and their numbers were small. |
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| By the end of his reign, some earls held courts of their own and even minted their own coins, against the wishes of the king. |
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| During the first dynasty of Babylon, Hammurabi and his governors served as the highest appellate courts of the land. |
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| The castles incorporated luxury apartments and gardens, with the intention of supporting large royal courts in splendour. |
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| Equity courts were widely distrusted in the northeastern US following the American Revolution. |
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| The procedures in a court of equity were much more flexible than the courts at common law. |
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| Sheriff courts hear civil cases as a bench trial without a jury, and make determinations and judgments alone. |
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| Sitting in their own courts they had jurisdiction over all cases at law save high treason. |
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| When considering cases on appeal, appellate courts generally affirm, reverse, or vacate the decision of a lower court. |
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| After deliberating in chambers, appellate courts will issue formal opinions that resolve the legal issues presented for review. |
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| During the 15th century, the common law courts were challenged by the civil law and equity found in the Chancery and similar courts. |
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| More generally, some modern circuit courts may also refer to a court which merely holds trials for cases of multiple locations in some rotation. |
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| The original jurisdiction formerly exercised by the United States circuit courts is now exercised by the United States district courts. |
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| In Louisiana, the intermediate appellate courts are called the Louisiana Circuit Courts of Appeal. |
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| It ceased operation in 2011 as part of central government measures to close 93 magistrates' courts across England and Wales. |
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| The devastation of Northumbria's Holy Island shocked and alerted the royal courts of Europe to the Viking presence. |
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| English courts may weigh the emphasis or relative knowledge in determining whether a statement is enforceable as part of the contract. |
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| After the Norman Conquest, fines were paid only to courts or the king, and quickly became a revenue source. |
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| Additional gym facilities and squash courts are located at the university fitness and squash centre, near the city centre campus at Cathays Park. |
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| Circuit courts are also the only trial courts in the State of Michigan which possess the power to issue equitable remedies. |
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| Far from being treated as if they were married, couples known to be cohabiting risked prosecution by the church courts for fornication. |
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| To enforce judicial decisions, the Constitution grants federal courts both criminal contempt and civil contempt powers. |
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| The courts may also interpret a law in such a manner that any objection against it of retrospective operation may be removed. |
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| Retroactive application of regulations is disfavored by the courts for several reasons. |
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| For instance, the Maine District Court is a court of limited jurisdiction, but the Nevada District Courts are courts of general jurisdiction. |
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| However, courts have recently allowed recovery for a plaintiff to recover for purely emotional distress under certain circumstances. |
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| The Scottish legal system was suspended, but some courts and institutions were gradually restored. |
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| Family proceedings may be held before specially trained magistrates in family proceedings courts within magistrates' courts. |
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|
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| In some jurisdictions, courts able to hear appeals are known as an appellate division. |
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| In 2015 there were roughly 330 magistrates' courts in England and Wales, though the Government was considering closing up to 57 of these. |
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| Its jurisdiction was similar to that of the county courts in England and Wales. |
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| Such courts generally only choose to hear cases that would settle important and controversial points of law. |
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| This concerns the relationships both between courts in different jurisdictions, and between courts within the same jurisdiction. |
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| These courts do not use the common law of England, but are civil law courts largely based upon the Corpus Juris Civilis of Justinian. |
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| The courts of the United States generally allow opinionative evidence concerning value. |
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| Every May, Rome hosts the ATP Masters Series tennis tournament on the clay courts of the Foro Italico. |
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| These in their turn were supervised by provincial civil courts of appeal constituted for such purpose, each consisting of four British judges. |
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| Custumals were commissioned by lords who presided as lay judges over manorial courts in order to inform themselves about the court process. |
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| Taliesin was a renowned bard who is believed to have sung at the courts of at least three Brythonic kings. |
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| The different roles of case law in civil and common law traditions create differences in the way that courts render decisions. |
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| The decisions of the revolutionary courts are final and cannot be appealed. |
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| Magistrates' Courts are the lower courts and appeals from Magistrates' Courts are sent to the Supreme Court. |
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| Such decisions were not binding on the courts in Hong Kong under the doctrine of precedent before 1 July 1997 and are not binding today. |
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| The Court, composed of judges from the highest courts of the three States, has to guarantee the uniform interpretation of common legal rules. |
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| While independent in their rulings, some of these courts are operated as divisions within courts of the general or general administrative courts. |
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| Also, they can take the oath in Frisian in courts anywhere in the Netherlands. |
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| Subsequently, Australia effectively abolished the right of appeal from the Commonwealth courts by statute. |
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| The civil courts would continue in operation, but German military courts would try breaches of German law. |
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|
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| From the 12th century until the 15th century, the courts used three languages. |
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| Law French was banished from the courts of the common law in 1731, almost three centuries after the king ceased speaking primarily French. |
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| The 1998 Act also required courts to take into account where offences are racially motivated, when determining sentence. |
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| The courts of quarter sessions of the peace was created in August 1764 and headed by a chairman in each district. |
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| This is used as a contact sound between a mother and her kits and in adulthood, by the male when he courts the female during mating season. |
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| These courts are empowered to discipline and depose deacons, priests, and bishops. |
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| From 1746, Hume served for three years as secretary to General James St Clair, who was envoy to the courts of Turin and Vienna. |
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| In Scotland they survived until 1975, when they were abolished and replaced by district courts and later by justice of the peace courts. |
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| At breeding time, the male courts the female by following her around closely. |
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| Coke's challenge to the ecclesiastical courts and their ex officio oath is seen as the origin of the right to silence. |
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| The continued existence of courts baron and the introduction of kirk sessions helped consolidate the power of local lairds. |
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| Their courts were peripatetic, and their councils were held at varying locations around their realms. |
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| The judicial system consists of courts of first instance, a High Court of Appeal, and a Supreme Court. |
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| The Judicial branch includes the Supreme Court and lower federal courts interpret laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional. |
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| There were popular courts or comhdhails, indicated by dozens of place names in eastern Scotland. |
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| The continued existence of courts baron and introduction of kirk sessions helped consolidate the power of local lairds. |
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| Ecclesiastical courts had exclusive jurisdiction over matters such as marriage, contracts made on oath, inheritance and legitimacy. |
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| Feudal lords also held courts to adjudicate disputes between their tenants. |
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| The power of church courts and religious authority was sharply reduced and equality under the law was proclaimed for all men. |
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| Appellate courts are courts that hear appeals of lower courts and trial courts. |
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|
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| Beside these posts was a system of church courts of kirk sessions and presbyteries, which dealt with discipline and administration. |
|
| With legislative and executive, the courts are the third column of Austrian state powers. |
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| The Church of Scotland and Scottish law and courts remained separate, while Scotland retained its distinctive system of parish schools. |
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| The Sheriff courts provide a local court service with 49 Sheriff courts organised across six Sheriffdoms. |
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| The Court of Appeal deals only with appeals from other courts or tribunals. |
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| The Act outlawed appeals from courts within the realm to courts outside the realm. |
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| Youth courts are not open to the public for observation, only the parties involved in a case being admitted. |
|
| The system of courts that interprets and applies the law is collectively known as the judiciary. |
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| They were found in many of the courts of the great lords, down to the chiefdoms of the highlands at the beginning of the period. |
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| Often accompanying themselves on the harp, they can also be seen in records of the Scottish courts throughout the medieval period. |
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| Since the 19th century, the jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical courts has narrowed principally to matters of church property and errant clergy. |
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| Section 221 of the Local Government Act 1972 abolished the borough civil courts listed in Schedule 28 to that Act. |
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| The Supreme Court of Judicature was formed in 1873 from the merging of various courts then existing, such as the. |
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| The magistrates' courts are also inferior courts and are therefore subject to judicial review. |
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| The inferior courts are bound to obey precedent established by the appellate court for their jurisdiction, and all supreme court precedent. |
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| Defunct and historical courts include the Admiralty Court, Court of Exchequer, district courts, and the High Court of Constabulary. |
|
| In most civil law jurisdictions, courts function under an inquisitorial system. |
|
| The two major legal traditions of the western world are the civil law courts and the common law courts. |
|
| Generally, a common law court system has trial courts, intermediate appellate courts and a supreme court. |
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| In recent years international courts are being created to resolve matters not covered by the jurisdiction of national courts. |
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|
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| As a Presbyterian church, the Church of Scotland is governed by courts of elders rather than by bishops. |
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| The second principle, regarding persuasive precedent, is an advisory one that courts can and do ignore occasionally. |
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| If the two courts are in separate, parallel jurisdictions, there is no conflict, and two lines of precedent may persist. |
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| In the United States, state courts are not considered inferior to federal courts but rather constitute a parallel court system. |
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| Courts exercising inferior jurisdiction must accept the law declared by courts of superior jurisdiction. |
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| The decisions of this court are binding upon and must be followed by all the state courts of California. |
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| Courts may consider rulings made in other courts that are of equivalent authority in the legal system. |
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| The relationship between federal and local courts varies from nation to nation and can be a controversial and complex issue in itself. |
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| Firstly, the hierarchy of the courts needs to be accepted, and an efficient system of law reporting. |
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| Lower courts are bound by the precedent set by higher courts within their region. |
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| In practice, the need for predictability means that lower courts generally defer to the precedent of higher courts. |
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| The Committee hears appeals from the appellate courts of many independent Commonwealth nations and crown dependencies. |
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| But the rule has received a like extension in our courts of intermediate appeal. |
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| Future phases include indoor and outdoor tennis courts and a swimming pool. |
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| American courts of last resort recognize a rebuttable presumption against overruling their own past decisions. |
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| Appellate courts and other systems of error correction have existed for many millennia. |
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| Note that inferior courts cannot evade binding precedent of superior courts, but a court can depart from its own prior decisions. |
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| After US courts merged law and equity, American law courts adopted many of the procedures of equity courts. |
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| Nobles engaged many of these to mount raids, or to pack courts of justice with their supporters, intimidating suitors, witnesses and judges. |
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| Although some courts permit appeals at preliminary stages of litigation, most litigants appeal final orders and judgments from lower courts. |
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|
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| Other specialised courts of the Queen's Bench Division include the Technology and Construction Court, Commercial Court, and the Admiralty Court. |
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| In July 1996, Lord Woolf published Access to Justice, a report on the accessibility of the courts to the public. |
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| Appellate courts may also grant permission for an amicus curiae to submit a brief in support of a particular party or position. |
|
| The House of Lords then ceased to hear petitions in the first instance, considering them only after the lower courts had failed to remedy them. |
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| Petitions for the House of Lords to review the decisions of lower courts began to increase once again. |
|
| The final trial of a peer in the House of Lords was in 1935, and in 1948, the use of special courts for trials of peers was abolished. |
|
| The names of the judicial courts of Norway contain for the most part the affix ting. |
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| The Criminal Justice Act 1948 abolished the use of special courts for trials of peers. |
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| The courts operated under summary procedure and dealt primarily with minor criminal offences. |
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| These courts and legal methods were much faster than the common law courts, so lawyers and claimants flocked to them. |
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| The new justice of the peace courts are managed by the Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service and are organised by sheriffdom. |
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| In 1789, the United States circuit courts were United States federal courts established in each federal judicial district. |
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| For instance, prosecutions are brought on the monarch's behalf, and courts derive their authority from the Crown. |
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| When this court was abolished in 1830, its rights were in turn transferred to the courts of King's Bench, Exchequer, and Commons Pleas. |
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| One way to approach the problem of intersectionality is to examine how courts frame and interpret the stories of Black women plaintiffs. |
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| The role of the courts is to dispense justice fairly to everyone. |
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| Annulments by the ecclesiastical and civil courts are unrelated and are not necessarily mutually endorsed. |
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| They led a life of luxury and libertinism, and were to be found in the most voluptuous courts of Europe. |
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| His position on that matter is a non-issue, now that the courts have decided. |
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| Most cases are litigated in state courts and involve claims and defenses under state laws. |
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|
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| Various classes of Vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and Saivism. |
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| The police and courts are taking action, however, as Rangers fans are being charged, convicted and jailed for sectarian behaviour. |
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| The courts may review it to determine whether it is intra vires. Therefore, the exercise of municipal business powers is not immune from review. |
|
| The authority of appellate courts to review the decisions of lower courts varies widely from one jurisdiction to another. |
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| Perry first began to play tennis on the public courts near his family's housing estate. |
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| For more than a week, the campaign seemed to be at a standstill while various courts sorted out challenges and counterchallenges. |
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| Extensive sports facilities notably include a fencing salle, six rugby fives courts, three squash courts and a Racquets court. |
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| The strike was deemed illegal by the courts on the basis that the NUM rulebook required a secret ballot for a national strike. |
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| Wealthy merchants had no status within the hundred courts and formed guilds to gain influence. |
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| Des Roches used his new authority to begin stripping his opponents of their estates, circumventing the courts and legal process. |
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| Second, federal courts may rule on whether coordinate branches of national government conform to the Constitution. |
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| Australian courts normally interpret statutes with a strong presumption that they do not apply retroactively. |
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| Laws are a dead letter, without courts to expound and define their true meaning and operation. |
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| The first courts built at this school were rather dangerous because they were near water pipes, buttresses, chimneys, and ledges. |
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| There has been no definitive or pervasive ruling as yet on flip-ins, but courts in specific cases have limited their applications. |
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| With time, the English language regained prestige, and in 1362 it replaced French and Latin in Parliament and courts of law. |
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| The courts have also taken action with regard to perchlorate contamination. |
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| Most appellate courts do not have the authority to hear testimony or take evidence, but instead rule solely on matters of law. |
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| The remaining 17 courts are regularly used for other events hosted by the Club. |
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| The exclusion from the courts of the malign influence of all authorities after the Georgium sidus became ascendant, would uncanonize Blackstone. |
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| The tie was played on clay courts in the United States in the hope that the Americans would defeat Murray on his weakest surface. |
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| Later decisions, and decisions of higher courts or legislatures carry more weight than earlier cases and those of lower courts. |
|
| The show courts were in action for the second time in three months in 2012 as Wimbledon hosted the tennis events of the 2012 Olympic Games. |
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| Queuing for the show courts ends after the quarter finals have been completed. |
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| General admission to the grounds gives access to the outer courts and is possible without queuing overnight. |
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| One of the show courts is also used for home ties of the GB teams in the Davis Cup on occasions. |
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| In subsequent years, the Renault family tried to have the nationalisation rescinded by French courts and receive compensation. |
|
| District courts were introduced in 1975 for minor offences and small claims. |
|
| In either case, piracy cases were cognizable in the courts of the Lord High Admiral. |
|
| The chief courts are the Court of Session, for civil cases, and the High Court of Justiciary, for criminal cases. |
|
| The result was that the courts of England and Normandy became increasingly hostile to each other. |
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| However, decisions by the highest courts in Greenland and the Faroe Islands may be appealed to the Danish High Courts. |
|
| In this context, since the 1960s, the courts in the United States began developing a number of new approaches, as well as new escape devices. |
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| In addition, there are three netball courts, nine tennis courts and an athletics arena where the Mary Peters Track is situated. |
|
| In theory, lower courts are generally not bound by the precedents of higher courts. |
|
| The popular heritage tourism attractions are Jakarta Old Town and the royal Javanese courts of Yogyakarta, Surakarta and the Mangkunegaran. |
|
| Most political experts expect the Minnesota election to be decided in the courts or even in the state senate. In short, it's a mess. |
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| The agreement guaranteed the permanent status of the Presbyterian church in Scotland, and the separate system of laws and courts in Scotland. |
|
| The interactions between decisions of different courts is discussed further in the article on precedent. |
|
| Both types of courts were regulated by the Court of Directors of the East India Company. |
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|
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| Common law decisions are published in law reports for use by lawyers, courts and the general public. |
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| It instituted a system of special courts to review disputes relating to voter qualifications. |
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| Appeals may be made to the High Court of Justiciary sitting as the Court of Criminal Appeal from the lower courts in criminal cases. |
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| Delaware, Mississippi, and Tennessee still have separate courts of law and equity, for example, the Court of Chancery. |
|
| From 1972 onward, paramilitaries were tried in juryless Diplock courts to avoid intimidation of jurors. |
|
| The EU must act and legislate consistently with the Charter and the EU's courts will strike down EU legislation which contravenes it. |
|
| The poets of this period were professionals who worked in the various princely courts in Wales. |
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| From this developed the system of equity, administered by the Lord Chancellor, in the courts of chancery. |
|
| The city council operates public tennis courts in various parks including an indoor tennis centre at Westburn Park. |
|
| The legal system is derived from that of the United Kingdom, with recourse to English courts of final appeal. |
|
| The courts of law took over the business of dispensing justice, while Parliament became the supreme legislature of the kingdom. |
|
| In other countries, such as Ireland, the ordinary courts may perform this function in addition to their other responsibilities. |
|
| The system was developed by the courts and spread with the expansion of British colonies in Southern Africa. |
|
| This rebellion was driven by the great feudal lords and sovereign courts as a reaction to the rise of royal absolute power in France. |
|
| Scottish courts may make a reference for a preliminary ruling to the Court of Justice of the European Union in cases involving European law. |
|
| The sheriff courts are presided over by the Sheriffs Principal, Sheriffs, and Summary Sheriffs. |
|
| There are also a number of specialist courts and tribunals that have been created to hear specific types of disputes. |
|
| The supreme national courts are the Supreme Court of Justice and the Constitutional Court. |
|
| Roman Dutch common law is a development of Roman Dutch law by courts in the Roman Dutch common law jurisdictions. |
|
| Diplock courts are common in Northern Ireland for crimes connected to terrorism. |
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| Instead, it would be for courts to interpret legislation consistently with the Convention, if such an interpretation were possible. |
|
| Some countries, mainly those with uncodified constitutions, have no such courts at all. |
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| The Court of Appeal hears appeals from the Crown Court, High Court, county courts, courts of summary jurisdiction and tribunals. |
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| Administration of the courts is the responsibility of the Northern Ireland Courts and Tribunals Service. |
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| Only in the lowest level of the manorial courts were trials entirely in English. |
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| Common law courts usually use an adversarial system, in which two sides present their cases to a neutral judge. |
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| The EEC and Euratom were created separately from the ECSC, although they shared the same courts and the Common Assembly. |
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| Compared with most Latin American courts, on paper the Argentine judiciary is among the most insulated high courts in the region. |
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| Usually, judges attached to regular courts are formally appointed by the Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister. |
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| This Norman influence entered English largely through the courts and government. |
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| Iraq had no Sharia courts but civil courts used Sharia for issues of personal status including marriage and divorce. |
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| English courts apply criminal statutes and common law as part of their responsibility for applying justice and dealing with the culprits. |
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| In addition to the regular courts, there are a few special courts in certain branches of administration. |
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| Title IX made it easier to move civil rights cases from state courts to federal court. |
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| It did so by asserting the jurisdiction of the courts as superior to the executive powers of the king. |
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| Lese majesty used to be a high crime, for which royal or imperial courts often put offenders to death. |
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| Though Shaw's intentions were clear, his drafting was flawed, and the courts initially ruled the intended trust void. |
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| The federal Cabinet also appoints justices to superior courts in the provincial and territorial jurisdictions. |
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| There are no jury trials in Saudi Arabia and courts observe few formalities. |
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| Akaev linked the development of these courts to the rekindling of Kyrgyz national identity. |
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