| Based on the discussion above, we can hypothesize a link between a type of counterfactual thinking and learning. |
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| Starting with the counterfactual statement as a frame, the lesson is constructed by substituting a controllable future action and future outcome. |
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| Some have even maintained that causal statements can be analysed in terms of counterfactual conditionals. |
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| Concerning ordinary physical objects, it is easy to imagine counterfactual cases where questions of identity become problematic. |
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| The other is indignation at some historians' recourse to contingency and the counterfactual to unsettle old certainties. |
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| Research suggests that counterfactual comparisons help people draw preparative lessons for improved future performance. |
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| The tendency to demand purely qualitative descriptions of counterfactual situations has many sources. |
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| Note that the inductive argument the agents run through depends upon the conclusions they each draw from several counterfactual conditionals. |
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| This is to provide a sort of counterfactual analysis of the continued existence of unperceived objects. |
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| My conclusion, then, has to do with other situations of enquiry than this one, often spoken of as counterfactual situations. |
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| The Commission first investigated whether the code-share agreement should be set aside for the purpose of determining the proper counterfactual. |
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| Continuing with the same example, counterfactual analysis would look at what would have happened if there had not been any teacher training. |
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| His counterfactual musings don't provide any practicable, coherent or implementable alternatives. |
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| This effect is higher the more competitors reduce their innovative effort as compared to the no-aid counterfactual. |
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| The incentive effect is identified through counterfactual analysis, comparing the levels of intended activity with aid and without aid. |
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| This is a potentially serious, but difficult to detect problem, because it is based on counterfactual claims and related anecdotal evidence. |
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| Correct identification of the counterfactual scenario is key to determining whether or not State aid has an incentive effect. |
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| The measure of what the outcome would have been in the absence of the program is called the counterfactual. |
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| In other words, this relatively simple experiment demonstrates the importance of having a valid counterfactual in any evaluation. |
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| The hypothetical economy, therefore, creates a counterfactual scenario in which the government made no changes. |
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| For anyone who ever thought it was glamorous to die young, Reed was the counterintuitive counterfactual. |
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| That differential commitment is understood through a more accurate simulation of the false believer, who mistakes the counterfactual situation for reality. |
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| You have posed a counterfactual question, an imaginary question. |
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| But to generate knowledge independently of experience, a priori warrants must produce warranted true belief in counterfactual situations where experiences are different. |
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| The ruse is so obvious, a counterfactual posing as a home truth. |
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| The counterfactual factors provide a simple-to-interpret measure of the degree of stressfulness implied by the scenario. |
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| Counterfactual analysis: the change of behaviour has to be identified by counterfactual analysis: what would be the level of intended activity with and without aid? |
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| As a matter of fact, while there were alternative possibilities for ITP, these were not really counterfactual projects, in the sense that they depend also on the other party in the negotiation. |
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| Without the baseline for comparison provided by a counterfactual, frustrated economists must hazard guesses as to what caused what. Past efforts to estimate the benefits of membership have therefore been imprecise. |
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| Hungary may thus consider that under the counterfactual scenario, the quantities imported and exported and the corresponding prices were the same as under the actual scenario. |
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| This measures the average effect of the treatment only for those firms that received the treatment, compared to the counterfactual case, if the firm had not received the treatment. |
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| They may be part of expressions of necessity, possibility, requirement, wish or desire, fear, or as part of counterfactual reasonings, etc. |
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| And even if you ignore the historic opposition of unionists to a United Ireland, the idea that the north and the south are on an inevitable path towards unity is counterfactual. |
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| Ignoring this simultaneity in estimation and inference is likely to mislead conclusions and produce flawed counterfactual analyses. |
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| A robust approach to market power would require a tight nexus between the challenged conduct and a plausible competitive counterfactual. |
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| But it's the elegist in him that wants to itemize every inch of New York's surface, as though to erect a sturdy, wall-like counterfactual against the grief that he cannot admit. |
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| The pilot project will also explore methods for data collection and counterfactual evaluation to assess the impact of the interventions in these three fields. |
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| Nonetheless, these counterfactual experiments indicate that output and inflation were more stable under a flexible exchange rate than they would have been under a fixed one. |
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| Joseph Inikori provided a new line of argument, estimating counterfactual demographic developments in case the Atlantic slave trade had not existed. |
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| Those properties are able to serve as the ground of de re modal truths, it is said, because they bear a special relation to counterfactual conditionals, one of truth-making. |
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| Bloom renders one apodosis as if it were counterfactual, which makes the contrast between the two possibilities even stronger than the original Greek text suggests. |
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| Counterfactual verbal irony, in which the literal meaning of an utterance is directly opposite its intended meaning, is a figurative language form. |
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