| Others are confederal or consociational, explicitly preserving in legal form some social identities within themselves. |
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| Nigeria and Malaysia have also been inching toward some form of consociational rule to manage their deeply divided societies. |
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| Other critics focus on the consociational practice of negotiations and accommodation among elites. |
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| Common examples of consociational states include Belgium, Switzerland, India, Spain, Lebanon and the Netherlands. |
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| By these categories, he believes, Belgium is a political and consociational nation, and Latvia is a cultural nation and majoritarian democracy. |
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| Bieber argued that the consociational reforms have four major drawbacks. |
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| Confessionalism is a system of consociational government which distributes political and institutional power proportionally among religious subcommunities. |
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| Formal consociational arrangements may not be relevant in unipolar ethnic settings or fragmented multiethnic societies, where governments may be ethnically inclusive under democratic conditions. |
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| These facts lead to many different adjectives being placed before the term democracy: liberal democracy, representative democracy, consociational democracy, participatory democracy and direct democracy, to name but a few. |
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| The response lies largely in Belgium's consociational model that has been put in place at the central level to deal with the linguistic cleavage. |
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| Liberal consociationalists insist that consociational institutions may be liberal: i.e., they may reward any party with electoral support, rather than entrenched groups. |
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| There was also the reform of the party system and the introduction of majoritarian and consociational rules to moderate divisive tendencies within the political process. |
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| There he expressed his conciliatory views on Walloon-Flemish relations and his vision of a consociational Belgian state, views that were unusually farsighted at a time of growing separatism. |
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| Numerous dynamics feed the paralysis, but at its heart is a debate about the viability of Lebanon's consociational government, which distributes power among the country's religious communities. |
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| A consociational pact unites the parties of the three main groups. |
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| For the community to retain a say in Lebanon, it must return to the principles of the National Pact and the consociational system. |
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| On the political side, one can distinguish political systems that have a rather competitive structure from political systems with a consociational character. |
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