| Brewers concentrate primarily on the levels of calcium, magnesium, sulfate, sodium, chloride, bicarbonates, and nitrates in their brewing liquor. |
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| Over the last century, antacids were developed based on the hydroxides and carbonates of the group II and III metals, as well as the bicarbonates of the alkali metals. |
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| However, carbon dioxide gas, which when dissolved is partially converted into carbonates and bicarbonates, is often included. |
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| Desmids were negatively related to bicarbonates but favoured by moderate temperature. |
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