| In an interview with the absolutist sultan, he expressed opposition to the grand vizier Mahmud Nedim's antireform policies. |
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| Shevardnadze resigned suddenly in December 1990, however, in protest against the growing influence of antireform members of Gorbachev's government. |
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| The emperor adopted the proposal but retreated one year later under the pressure of antireform forces, and Fan was sent out of the capital for local office services. |
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| Russia made good progress on privatization in 1993 despite active opposition from key cabinet members, hard-line legislators, and antireform regional leaders. |
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