| The Baopuzi was nearly finished in 317, when Luoyang, capital of the Western Jin dynasty, fell to the Xiongnu. |
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| The mission has made rare discoveries that are extremely important for the study of Xiongnu history and civilization. |
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| From 133 bc he launched attacks on the nomadic Xiongnu people, who constituted China's principal threat on the northern frontier, and thereafter he committed his realm to the expansion of the empire. |
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| Xiongnu raids upset Chinese power in Tarim region. |
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| Sent to the West in 139 BC by the Han Emperor 'Wudi' to ensure alliances against the Xiongnu, the hereditary enemies of the Chinese, Zhang Qian was captured and imprisoned by them. |
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| Northern China fragmented into a series of independent kingdoms, most of which were founded by Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jie, Di and Qiang rulers. |
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| Among the tribes that held power in Mongolia were the Xiongnu, a confederated empire that warred with the young Chinese state for centuries before dissolving in 48 ce. |
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| Likewise, it is suggested that that the Huns continued to use the decimal military organization of the Xiongnu as well. |
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| After the Donghu were defeated by Xiongnu king Modu Chanyu, the Xianbei and Wuhuan survived as the main remnants of the confederation. |
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| The Han army regularly policed the trade route against nomadic bandit forces generally identified as Xiongnu. |
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| The treaty was renewed no less than nine times, but did not restrain some Xiongnu tuqi from raiding Han borders. |
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| Major military campaigns were launched to weaken the nomadic Xiongnu Empire, limiting their influence north of the Great Wall. |
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| The Chinese were particularly interested in the horses raised in Fergana, which they needed to create a cavalry to fight the nomadic Xiongnu on their northern border. |
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| However, there is no scholarly consensus on a direct connection between the dominant element of the Xiongnu and that of the Huns. |
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| Thereafter the identification of the Xiongnu as the Huns' ancestors became controversial among some. |
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| Both the Xiongnu and Huns used bronze cauldrons, similarly to all peoples of the steppes. |
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| The Huns practised artificial cranial deformation, but there is no evidence of such practice among the Xiongnu. |
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| In ancient times the area was inhabited by many tribes that lived in Manchuria including the Donghu, the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Khitan, and the Mongols. |
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| One example was the encounter with the Chinese and Xiongnu nomads. |
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| After the defeat of the Xiongnu, however, Chinese armies established themselves in Central Asia, initiating the Silk Route as a major avenue of international trade. |
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| Others say that Emperor Wu was mainly interested in fighting the Xiongnu and that major trade began only after the Chinese pacified the Hexi Corridor. |
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| In fact, some of them, notably the Qiang and the Xiongnu, had already been allowed to live in the frontier regions within the Great Wall since late Han times. |
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| The Xiongnu adopted Chinese agricultural techniques, dress style, and lifestyle, while the Chinese adopted Xiongnu military techniques, some dress style, music, and dance. |
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