How to use Enlightenment in a sentence

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Sentence Examples This was an outgrowth or distillation of the same kind of thing that has been going on since the Enlightenment. These conflicts must not be overlooked, for we are confronted by powerful forces eager to overthrow the basic premises of the Enlightenment. His studies of the Quakers and of pietism described passive inwardness and feeling as the dominant characteristics of the German Enlightenment. The Cartesian cogito played a major part in promoting the scientific and rational development of the Enlightenment in the 18th century. The authors of the Enlightenment loved accessible fiction far more than dense treatises. Universalism, a product of the 18th-century Enlightenment, holds that all living beings attain complete salvation. A contemporary of Galileo, Descartes, Rembrandt, and Milton, Comenius contributed greatly to the Enlightenment. As Europe basked in the Enlightenment, Popish superstition and its stablemate monarchical absolutism appeared to be receding into the past. Moreover, the nation-states of the Enlightenment were considered more insidiously dangerous to Jewry than the nation-states of reaction. And in all its forms, even on the conservative Right, it is a reaction against the Enlightenment and is thus essentially new. This new age of reason during the 17th and 18th Centuries became known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment, the age of reason, being the high noon, the fulfilment of the ideals of humanism? They yoked their critique of capitalism to a passionate reaffirmation of the egalitarian Enlightenment principles of the American Revolution. In the first chapter, Gutfeld asks if the European dream of Enlightenment was realized in America. The publication of French dictionaries and lexicons by Enlightenment scholars further eroded regionalisms. Is it possible to reconcile a belief in divine revelation with Enlightenment rationality? This claim should be contrasted with the anticlerical, even antireligious, tone of the more radical voices of the French Enlightenment. Although literary scholars generally date the Enlightenment era from 1660 to 1798, all acknowledge the artificiality of such dating. The Enlightenment was the beginning of the gradual domestication of the doctrine, and its eventual assimilation to a secular understanding. After the revolution, the abstract works of constructivists were supported by the head of the People's Commissariat of Enlightenment. Show More Sentences To talk favourably of the Enlightenment has become something of a taboo in recent years. Buddha was born as his mother grasped the branch of a sal tree, and he achieved Enlightenment beneath the Bodhi tree. Nichols and Duffy expound at length about these influences from the Enlightenment. Yet the most salient feature of Truth and Truthfulness is Williams's passionate devotion to the political heritage of the Enlightenment. Enlightenment came to me during a game of badminton at Kendal Leisure Centre. His fretting about his Scotticisms made the Enlightenment an alien presence to robust patriots. He might read Michael Buckley's magisterial study of scientific scrutinies of religion ever since the Enlightenment. In this way Voltaire paid tribute to the moral and philosophical overtones of the Enlightenment thinkers. The Enlightenment also propounded a belief in the transhistorical universality of human nature. Newton's mechanical physics invited the Enlightenment metaphysic of the remote Watchmaker God who just wound up the universe and let it go. David was a moral philosopher and historian and a leading member of the Scottish Enlightenment. The Romantics felt all the opinions of the Enlightenment were fraught with dangerous errors and oversimplifications. The 1780s saw the emergence of the Sturm und Drang movement, which attempted to overturn the ethos of the German Enlightenment. Several groups found themselves excluded from the American Dream of the white, periwigged, slaveholding intelligentsia of Enlightenment Virginia. The mirror is currently on display in the Enlightenment Gallery in a cabinet devoted to other similar curiosities. The orientation of Burke's mind can be understood in terms of the Irish Enlightenment. The footnote as we know it is coeval with the modern principles of book design that emerged with the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment assumes that knowledge is objective, good and accessible to the human mind. The practice of Dharma refers to following Buddhism's Eightfold Path to Enlightenment. During the Enlightenment, fashionable dress, masks and masquerading, corsetry, and the wearing of beauty patches were part of everyday life. Show More Sentences The philosophes of the Enlightenment were familiar with all of these arguments, trained as they were in the classics. Scott, as I've suggested, follows the Scottish Enlightenment thinkers while detouring through Burke's Reflections. Because he discusses the Illuminati's influence on the Enlightenment, some readers have accused him of being a conspiracist. They, too, now need a better American balance between ethnic roots and civic forums, between Hebraic covenants and Enlightenment freedoms. Most of our contemporary ideas about freedom of speech and civil liberties come from the Enlightenment. She has indicated the influence of physiological thinking on the program of Enlightenment. From Descartes onward, the Enlightenment was also concerned with an exploration of the individual subject. This metaphor, one of the most powerful of the Enlightenment, in some sense pervaded the popular culture of that time. Anteriority, or posteriority, is a characteristic of the Gothic, in that it gives expression to what Enlightenment culture pushes to the back. But Chomsky is, for all his faults, a vigorous defender of the Enlightenment tradition, and far from an irrationalist. The pivot of this change was the Enlightenment, a time when the rational took ascendance over the mystical. But it is too simplistic to counterpose the idea of Mozart as a product of the Enlightenment to the idea of the composer as a born genius. At least since the Enlightenment, Europe and the Europeanized world have massively dominated the global production of knowledge, and also the manufacture and sale of books. They in turn are associated with a mythology of liberation from oppression, an age of reason and democracy, the French Revolution and the start of the Enlightenment. In the minds of the Enlightenment thinkers, confessional religion, unless checked by law or by free competition, led inevitably to tyranny and persecution. Enlightenment values are in peril not because these mad beliefs are really growing but because too many rational people seek to appease and understand unreason. The German Sturm und Drang and the English Romantic Movement were about to sweep away the fragile lessons of the Enlightenment and reveal the dark recesses of the human soul. They see economics as a product of Enlightenment rationalism, along with deism, atheism, the chaos of the French Revolution and other un-Christian aspects of the modern age. The West, it is sadly said, has lost confidence in the Enlightenment. During the Enlightenment humans flirted with the idea of seeing ourselves as machines, deterministically obeying the laws of cause and effect without any real choice. Show More Sentences There was an Enlightenment tendency to believe that the same moral principles were to be found in every society, so universality must have seemed coextensive with humanity. And beyond that, we have to reforge our ideas and hopes, based on those simple ideas of Chomsky or the French Enlightenment, and move forward from there. Francisco de Goya foresaw the nightmares born of the Enlightenment. The fact that England's revolution was bloodless implicitly grounds his claim that Enlightenment in Britain differed in significant ways from Enlightenment in France. More broadly, his counternarrative of the Enlightenment suggested that the modern institutions we imagined were freeing us were in fact enslaving us in insidious ways. Wilson's book about the Enlightenment assault on belief appears at a time when, in the world of academic theology, the Enlightenment is in eclipse. Enlightenment humanism freed the individual from the status quo of natural identity, allowing humanity to reach beyond self, to change rather than simply be. Measured by Enlightenment standards, this is a perfectly representative democracy, answering individual wants in a time always tending towards ideal simultaneity. Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-imposed nonage. Porter criticizes especially the unhistoric, absolutistic and positivistic tendencies of the Enlightenment and he tends to be polemic in this context. During the half-century after J. S. Bach's death in 1750, musical standards in Lutheranism declined rapidly in the face of triumphant Enlightenment rationalism and pietism. Proponents of the former position were cast as conservative upholders of Enlightenment verities clinging to modernism as the last bastion of a Eurocentric culture. This had been the dream of the transatlantic Enlightenment, and throughout the Cold War American leaders argued on its behalf in the struggle against Communism. His hope for Europe was that it return to those happy Middle Ages before a pagan Enlightenment and soulless industrialism had destroyed Faith and Freedom. The argument is centered on the analysis of the Indo-Aryan myth of a golden age, as recounted in Europe and India from the Enlightenment to the present. Lighting of lamps has the meaning of eliminating the darkness in the literal sense, and metaphorically it means to overcome and gain the knowledge of Enlightenment. The movement endured into the Roman era, was revived by humanists during the Renaissance, and was espoused by the philosophes during the Enlightenment. What was crucial for the post-revolutionary Whigs that comprised the Scottish Enlightenment was not Locke but rather their own institutional status. While he drew upon the arcana of the Rosicrucian and Hermetic traditions for his novel, his belief in prolongevity was grounded in Enlightenment rationalism. Hobbes's idea of a natural religion can fairly be described as deist, and his blend of deism and civil religion was to prove prophetic of much Enlightenment thinking. Show More Sentences But progressives must not seek victory by appealing to intolerance and unreason and rejecting the traditions of the Enlightenment that we alone seem to embrace today. By the 18th century, the university was a leading centre of the Scottish Enlightenment. The strands of thought that eventually led to modern art can be traced back to the Enlightenment, and even to the 17th century. Along with the University of Edinburgh, the University was part of the Scottish Enlightenment during the 18th century. The Enlightenment ended around 1822, and was replaced by Polish Romanticism at home and abroad. The civic tradition of the Scottish Enlightenment contributed to the intellectual ferment of the American Revolution. During this time, both colleges made notable intellectual contributions to the Scottish Enlightenment. Another philosophical basis for a lot of early socialism was the emergence of positivism during the European Enlightenment. The abolition of slavery was carried out following a campaign by young revolutionaries who embraced the liberal ideas of the Enlightenment. French philosophers produced some of the most important political works of the Age of Enlightenment. Voltaire came to embody the Enlightenment with his defence of civil liberties, such as the right to a free trial and freedom of religion. Enlightenment ideas began to gain ground among some of the kingdom's elite and monarchy. The event was widely discussed and dwelt upon by European Enlightenment philosophers, and inspired major developments in theodicy. The earthquake and its fallout strongly influenced the intelligentsia of the European Age of Enlightenment. Scotland emerged as a prominent economic power during the Scottish Enlightenment of the 18th century. Since the Enlightenment, the term Celtic has been applied to a wide variety of peoples and cultural traits present and past. Enlightenment gained momentum more or less simultaneously in many parts of Europe and America. Developing during the Enlightenment era, Renaissance humanism as an intellectual movement spread across Europe. This and several other Edinburgh clubs became the crucible of the Scottish Enlightenment. During the Enlightenment and its debates about human origins, it became fashionable to speculate about the origin of language. Show More Sentences The ideas of the Enlightenment exerted significant influence on the culture, politics, and governments of Europe. The dominant intellectual currents of the Enlightenment promoted rationalism, and most Protestant leaders preached a sort of deism. Shrugging off Enlightenment rationalism, Protestants embraced romanticism, with the stress on the personal and the invisible. During the Age of Enlightenment, the modern development of historiography through the application of scrupulous methods began. Italy was also affected by the Enlightenment, a movement which was a consequence of the Renaissance and changed the road of Italian philosophy. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, one of the most outstanding representatives of the Enlightenment era. Empiricism later gave rise to the scientific method during the Scientific revolution and the Enlightenment. Coinciding with the Age of Enlightenment was the scientific revolution, spearheaded by Newton. After the Revolution, the Enlightenment was followed by the intellectual movement known as Romanticism. The very existence of an English Enlightenment has been hotly debated by scholars. The majority of textbooks on British history make little or no mention of an English Enlightenment. During the Enlightenment there was a great emphasis upon liberty, republicanism and religious tolerance. Prussia took the lead among the German states in sponsoring the political reforms that Enlightenment thinkers urged absolute rulers to adopt. The German Enlightenment won the support of princes, aristocrats and the middle classes and it permanently reshaped the culture. Men who doubted the value of Enlightenment favoured the measure, but so too did many supporters. The Enlightenment played a distinctive, if small, role in the history of Italy. The most influential scholar on the Italian Enlightenment has been Franco Venturi. However, it lacked the skeptical and critical spirit of the European Enlightenment. This widely available dictionary gave short definitions of words like genius and taste and was clearly influenced by the Enlightenment movement. They promoted the ideals of the Enlightenment and helped diffuse these values across Britain and France and other places. Show More Sentences Many of the Masons values seemed to greatly appeal to Enlightenment values and thinkers. During the 18th century, the Enlightenment culminated in the French and American revolutions. Neoclassicism was the artistic component of the intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment. The economic development as a whole was inspired by elements of the Enlightenment in mainland Europe. In the later half of the 18th century, Enlightenment ideas on public health and social control shaped development. The term also more specifically refers to a historical intellectual movement, The Enlightenment. The American Enlightenment was a critical precursor of the American Revolution. The idea of a dichotomy between religion and the secular originated in the 18th century European Enlightenment. Underlying this was the split between the Calvinism of the Evangelicals and the more Enlightenment tone of the Moderates. According to Noam Chomsky, analysis of the psychological implications of wage slavery goes back to the Enlightenment era. New propriety and Enlightenment ideas became popular among the middle classes of Denmark, arousing increased interest in personal liberty. Filled with the ideas of the Enlightenment, he attempted a number of radical reforms including freedom of the press and religion. Metanarrative is following this policy of Enlightenment which science legitimates itself as the carrier of freedom. Furthermore, cameralist plans hatched during the Enlightenment to create a network of priest-doctors came to nothing in Germany and Sweden. So I wanted to get the story out there, to rescue my heroes of the American Enlightenment from the mythologizers. The Enlightenment was nobiliary, and many of the Enlightenment intellectuals came from the aristocracy. Histories written by Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire and Gibbon are unilinear and progressive. Coleridge is often seen as pitting a vitalist theory of nature against the mechanical materialism of the Enlightenment. He was the founder of the Scottish School of Common Sense and played an integral role in the Scottish Enlightenment. During the Enlightenment, women also began producing popular scientific works themselves. Show More Sentences Most work on the Enlightenment emphasizes the ideals discussed by intellectuals, rather than the actual state of education at the time. During the Enlightenment, some societies created or retained links to universities. The influence of science also began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment has long been hailed as the foundation of modern Western political and intellectual culture. Senior ministers Pombal in Portugal and Struensee in Denmark also governed according to Enlightenment ideals. Enlightenment era religious commentary was a response to the preceding century of religious conflict in Europe, especially the Thirty Years' War. Enlightenment scholars sought to curtail the political power of organized religion and thereby prevent another age of intolerant religious war. A number of novel ideas about religion developed with the Enlightenment, including Deism and talk of atheism. The Enlightenment took hold in most European countries, often with a specific local emphasis. The cultural exchange during the Age of Enlightenment ran in both directions across the Atlantic. During the Enlightenment there was a great emphasis upon liberty, democracy, republicanism, and religious tolerance. However, scholars have never agreed on a definition of the Enlightenment, or on its chronological or geographical extent. Enlightenment historiography began in the period itself, from what Enlightenment figures said about their work. Because of the focus on reason over superstition, the Enlightenment cultivated the arts. This widely available dictionary gave short definitions of words like genius and taste, and was clearly influenced by the Enlightenment movement. Recently, musicologists have shown renewed interest in the ideas and consequences of the Enlightenment. It was Grub Street literature that was most read by the public during the Enlightenment. It is extremely difficult to determine what people actually read during the Enlightenment. Students in Enlightenment universities and academies were taught these subjects to prepare them for careers as diverse as medicine and theology. The first scientific and literary journals were established during the Enlightenment. Show More Sentences The works were part of an Enlightenment movement to systematize knowledge and provide education to a wider audience than the elite. The extensive, yet affordable encyclopedia came to represent the transmission of Enlightenment and scientific education to an expanding audience. These are startling terms indeed for someone so often thought of as the arch-misogynist and arch-sexist of the Enlightenment period. This artisanship or craftspersonship was the sort of Enlightenment activity extolled by Diderot in the eighteenth century. As has often been remarked, French prose fiction of the Enlightenment is more often feminocentric than its English counterpart. Traditionally, a guru is a spiritual teacher who guides a student on the road to Enlightenment, or finding God. Some of the most prominent philosophers of the Enlightenment were John Locke, Thomas Paine, Samuel Johnson and Jeremy Bentham. Major changes in design did not become common until the Age of Enlightenment, when there was rapid progress in design. During the Age of Enlightenment of the 17th and 18th centuries, many critical thinkers saw religion as antithetical to reason. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the Romantics reversed the negative assessment of Enlightenment critics with a vogue for medievalism. This, reacting to a world dominated by Enlightenment rationalism, expressed a romantic view of a Golden Age of chivalry. Just as Petrarch had twisted the meaning of light versus darkness, so the Romantics had twisted the judgment of the Enlightenment. The Age of Enlightenment was preceded by and closely associated with the scientific revolution. After the Revolution, the Enlightenment was followed by an opposing intellectual movement known as Romanticism. One of the most important developments that the Enlightenment era brought to the discipline of science was its popularization. The history of Academies in France during the Enlightenment begins with the Academy of Science, founded in 1635 in Paris. These academic contests were perhaps the most public of any institution during the Enlightenment. In England, the Royal Society of London also played a significant role in the public sphere and the spread of Enlightenment ideas. The debating societies are an example of the public sphere during the Enlightenment. Once inside, spectators were able to participate in a largely egalitarian form of sociability that helped spread Enlightenment ideas. Show More Sentences Historians have long debated the extent to which the secret network of Freemasonry was a main factor in the Enlightenment. It expanded rapidly during the Age of Enlightenment, reaching practically every country in Europe. Furthermore, freemasons all across Europe explicitly linked themselves to the Enlightenment as a whole. He would be a major influence on later Enlightenment figures including Adam Smith, Immanuel Kant and Jeremy Bentham. It can be seen as an attempt to reconcile the new scientific developments of the Enlightenment with religious belief. One of the central pillars of the Scottish Enlightenment was scientific and medical knowledge. The Scottish Enlightenment had numerous dimensions, influencing the culture of the nation in several areas including architecture, art and music. Scotland produced some of the most significant architects of the period who were involved in the intellectual culture of the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment had produced many writers, pamphleteers and publishers who could inform or inflame public opinion. Many other factors involved resentments and aspirations given focus by the rise of Enlightenment ideals. These revised symbols were used to instil in the public a new sense of tradition and reverence for the Enlightenment and the Republic. The American War of Independence was the culmination of the civil and political American Revolution resulting from the American Enlightenment. Georgian and Neoclassical architecture advanced after the Scottish Enlightenment. Joseph Wright of Derby an artist whose paintings symbolised the struggle between science and religious values in the Age of Enlightenment. The rediscovery of Roman culture revitalized Western civilization, playing a role in the Renaissance and the Age of Enlightenment. Better known authors such as Alessandro Manzoni and Giacomo Leopardi were influenced by Enlightenment as well as by Romanticism and Classicism. In Spain, there was still a struggle to introduce the values of the Enlightenment, in which Goya saw himself as a participant. Similarly, philosophy is divided between Renaissance philosophy and the Enlightenment. It was particularly expressed in the Neoclassicism of the Age of Enlightenment. Its materiality can, in some ways, be linked to the concept of determinism, as espoused by Enlightenment thinkers. Show More Sentences However, Shelley critiques those Enlightenment ideals that Godwin promotes in his works. It has changed in its definition, concept, and application throughout, especially during the Age of Enlightenment. With the Age of Enlightenment came Ludvig Holberg whose comedy plays are still being performed. The plan was a rigid, ordered grid, which fitted in well with Enlightenment ideas of rationality. Edinburgh has a long literary tradition, which became especially evident during the Scottish Enlightenment. This emphasis on rights was to have a pivotal role in the modern era unfolding from the Enlightenment. Students were required to watch all films prepared by the school division of the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. Secularism is most often associated with the Age of Enlightenment in Europe and it plays a major role in Western society. In the late 18th century CE, Europe was swept by a group of intellectual, social and political movements known as the Enlightenment. Many of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment were university professors, who developed their ideas in university lectures. Scotland reaped the intellectual benefits of this system in its contribution to the European Enlightenment. He also translated Yuri Trifonov's play Exchange, Leo Tolstoy's The Fruits of Enlightenment, and Jean Anouilh's Number One. Modernism also rejected the certainty of Enlightenment thinking, and many modernists rejected religious belief. Critics hail the work as a satiric reflection on the shortcomings of Enlightenment thought. Just as Mannerism rejected Classicism, so did Romanticism reject the ideas of the Enlightenment and the aesthetic of the Neoclassicists. In this context, he associated with Lord Monboddo and other Scottish Enlightenment luminaries in Edinburgh. This approach studies the process of changing sociabilities and cultural practices during the Enlightenment. Influenced by Enlightenment thinkers, she believed in progress and derides Burke for relying on tradition and custom. In the Scottish Enlightenment Edinburgh was home to much intellectual talent, including Francis Hutcheson, David Hume, and Adam Smith. Hundert's book on Mandeville and the Enlightenment, Steven Kaplan's many works on physiocracy and politics in France, and so on. Show More Sentences The Enlightenment started in France, where Voltaire and the Encyclopedists were its major proponents. The analysis focuses on Conti's reactivation of the humoralism of classic antiquity in the context of Enlightenment philosophy. The term tripartite system is commonly ascribed to French Enlightenment political philosopher Baron de Montesquieu, although he did not use such a term. The Age of Enlightenment refers to the 18th century in European philosophy, and is often thought of as part of a period which includes the Age of Reason. Perhaps one of the most important single philosophical periods since the classical era were the Renaissance, the Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment. This intellectual elite was favoured by the state, but that might be reversed if the process of the Enlightenment proved politically or socially destabilizing. The Enlightenment brought political modernization to the West, in terms of introducing democratic values and institutions and the creation of modern, liberal democracies. Three other essays examine Luther reception in the later Reformation and Protestant Orthodoxy, as well as in Pietism and the Enlightenment, and in the Luther Renaissance. Following the traumas of the Maoist era and the challenges of modernization, the Second Chinese Enlightenment has a greater interest in hamartiology. Johnson poeticizes the universalist vocabulary of the Enlightenment to suggest that we find ourselves in the unhappy cast of characters within the poem. In each case, Enlightenment values became accepted and led to significant political and administrative reforms that laid the groundwork for the creation of modern states. The leaders of the Enlightenment were not especially democratic, as they more often look to absolute monarchs as the key to imposing reforms designed by the intellectuals. Only the language remains behind, marooned in the catalogue copy, a holdover from the Enlightenment that has never seemed more inappropriate and basically lost. There is an encyclopedism to the way the Enlightenment mind works. Broadly speaking, Enlightenment science greatly valued empiricism and rational thought, and was embedded with the Enlightenment ideal of advancement and progress. By the late Enlightenment, there was a rising demand for a more universal approach to education, particularly after the American and French Revolutions. Broadly speaking, Enlightenment science greatly valued empiricism and rational thought and was embedded with the Enlightenment ideal of advancement and progress. In the 18th century, during the era of Russian Enlightenment, the development of Russian literature was boosted by the works of Mikhail Lomonosov and Denis Fonvizin. Cesare Beccaria was also one of the greatest Italian Enlightenment writers and now considered one of the fathers of classical criminal theory as well as modern penology. During the Age of Enlightenment, new ideas reached also the Eternal City, where the papacy supported archaeological studies and improved the people's welfare. Show More Sentences Tentative steps towards the systematization of archaeology as a science took place during the Enlightenment era in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. The study of history changed during the Enlightenment and Romanticism. The Romantics argued that the Enlightenment was reductionistic insofar as it had largely ignored the forces of imagination, mystery, and sentiment. Some Enlightenment thinkers collaborated with Enlightened despots, absolutist rulers who attempted to forcibly impose some of the new ideas about government into practice. However, it was also a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment, as well a reaction against the scientific rationalisation of nature. Thomas Reid, the founder of the Scottish School of Common Sense, and an important figure in the Scottish Enlightenment, earned his degree from Marischal College. It was a centre of the Scottish Enlightenment and subsequently of the Industrial Revolution, and its expansion in the High Street was constrained. It was the Age of the Enlightenment, and ideas flowed back and forth across the Atlantic, with Philadelphian Benjamin Franklin playing a major role. During the eighteenth century, the University was a key contributor to the Scottish Enlightenment and it educated many of the most notable scientists of the time. The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment and the example of the first Atlantic Revolutions generated criticism of the absolutist monarchy that ruled the country. After graduating, he delivered a successful series of public lectures at Edinburgh, leading him to collaborate with David Hume during the Scottish Enlightenment. He is best known for popularizing the Scottish Enlightenment, for his lectures at the University of Edinburgh were widely disseminated by his many influential students. The concept of codification was further developed during the 17th and 18th centuries AD, as an expression of both natural law and the ideas of the Enlightenment. During the Age of Enlightenment, the idea of sovereignty gained both legal and moral force as the main Western description of the meaning and power of a State. His championing of the imagination as the most important element of human existence ran contrary to Enlightenment ideals of rationalism and empiricism. Blake had a complex relationship with Enlightenment philosophy. Not only does she reject these Enlightenment political ideals, but she also rejects the Romantic notion that the poetic or literary imagination can offer an alternative. It was Newton's conception of the universe based upon natural and rationally understandable laws that became one of the seeds for Enlightenment ideology. Bell has argued that even more important than ideology and nationalism were the intellectual transformations in the culture of war that came about through the Enlightenment. Robert Sibbald and the establishment of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1680 also played a major role in the development of medicine in Enlightenment Scotland. Show More Sentences The Scottish Enlightenment of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was a natural development of this earlier engagement and advancement of knowledge. In other parts of Europe, the universities and schools of France and most of Europe were bastions of traditionalism and were not hospitable to the Enlightenment. Science played an important role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. It helped spread the ideas of the Enlightenment across Europe and beyond. The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the Church, and paved the way for the political revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715, the year that Louis XIV died, and 1789, the beginning of the French Revolution. Encyclopedias and dictionaries also became more popular during the Age of Enlightenment as the number of educated consumers who could afford such texts began to multiply. The people who participated in the Republic of Letters, such as Diderot and Voltaire, are frequently known today as important Enlightenment figures. The music of Haydn and Mozart, with their Viennese Classical styles, are usually regarded as being the most in line with the Enlightenment ideals. According to historian Roy Porter, the liberation of the human mind from a dogmatic state of ignorance is the epitome of what the Age of Enlightenment was trying to capture. In Italy, parts of society also dramatically changed during the Enlightenment, with rulers such as Leopold II of Tuscany abolishing the death penalty in Tuscany. Indeed, without referring to Radical Enlightenment nothing about the French Revolution makes the slightest sense or can even begin to be provisionally explained. Frederick the Great, the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, saw himself as a leader of the Enlightenment and patronized philosophers and scientists at his court in Berlin. In Poland, the model constitution of 1791 expressed Enlightenment ideals, but was in effect for only one year before the nation was partitioned among its neighbors. Though much of Enlightenment political thought was dominated by social contract theorists, both David Hume and Adam Ferguson criticized this camp. Breaking from tribal and feudal explanations, the Enlightenment collectivized pain, making attribution to groups or classes rather than individuals. This Enlightenment ideal, espoused by Rousseau and others, advocated that people have the right to consent to their government in a form of social contract. In 1793, he was elected as a member of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, where the ideas of reformers and philosophers of the Enlightenment were discussed. Examples from Classical Literature Deism, the religious expression of the new Enlightenment, was a powerful influence on the leading people of England and America in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Find more words! 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Use our Sentence Generator Nearby Words enlightenment enlightening enlightener enlightened self-interest enlightened enlighten enlightens enlist enlisted enlistee enlisting enlistment