How to use Carboniferous in a sentence

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Sentence Examples The Early Triassic rifting episode followed the older Devonian and Carboniferous structural grains. The position of the orogenic load during the Late Carboniferous is poorly constrained. Gut contents of Carboniferous arthropods, which include lycopod xylem elements and spores, are a tangible demonstration of phytophagy. The sequence ends with Upper Carboniferous continental-facies molasse deposits, including redbeds and coal-bearing strata. On the family tree of evolution, it dates back to the beginnings of reptile evolution in the Carboniferous era. The idea that cycads stem from Carboniferous so-called pteridosperms has long been popular with paleobotanists. Whereas the Early Permian pelycosaur record is extensive, Carboniferous pelycosaur remains are rare and poorly known. Carboniferous to Cretaceous strata are exposed in an extensive series of outcrops along the east coast of Greenland. They are absent in the fossil record between the Early Carboniferous and the Late Permian. Between the Carboniferous pelycosaurs and the first Jurassic mammals, the jaw articulation changed. Calcareous microgranular and porcellaneous tests evolved in the Carboniferous, and calcareous hyaline tests in the Permian. The northern margin of the fold-thrust belt is composed of sedimentary sequences of Middle to Upper Devonian and Carboniferous rocks. The first was the incumbent wetland flora with origins in the early Carboniferous. Also, material from the earliest Carboniferous of France reveals a possible endosternite, gut trace and lamellate gills. According to these studies, allometric growth is particularly common in Carboniferous and Permian ammonoids. They concluded that the Bristol Channel Thrust juxtaposes the Devonian of north Devon and the Old Red Sandstone and Carboniferous of South Wales. The northern margin of the melange is marked by a thrust contact with both the Carboniferous sedimentary rocks and extrusive volcanic sequence. On its south side the Oytag arc is thrust over Carboniferous sandstones and limestones that are folded into spectacular nappes. They intrude Upper Carboniferous host rocks, but do not penetrate the Permian units. Overlying elastic material derived from the volcanic rocks is estimated to be of Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous age. Show More Sentences A fluid flow model involving deep circulation of mineralizing fluids beneath the Carboniferous basins was suggested. North of the Burd Gol zone there is a small area of interbedded marine mudstone and limestone which reportedly contain Carboniferous fossils. In this transect, the contact between the Carboniferous strata and the volcanic sequence appears to be an unconformable sedimentary contact. Fossils of the group are mostly Cenozoic, though some Permian and Carboniferous fossils are also known. It is thus unlikely that the bulk of the Carboniferous detritus could have been derived by recycling of preexisting Silurian sandstones. These are unconformably overlain by Lower Carboniferous limestones of the Alapaevsk unit and cut by a Permian granite. The majority of these flutes commence in the lee of Carboniferous and Permian boulders, indicative of a local subglacial origin. The polarity of the postulated Carboniferous subduction at Alexander Island is unknown. The early Permian saw the continuation of the Carboniferous biomes, with polar tundra regions and warm wet tropical swamp forests. The members of this family are relatively common in Carboniferous faunal communities. Carboniferous and Permian strata often contain useful index fossils belonging to this group. Many Carboniferous temnospondyls appear to have been primarily terrestrial in habits, with strong limbs, but no lateral line canals. Isolated chondrichthyan dermal denticles belonging to the form genus Petrodus are widespread and common in the Carboniferous. The great lycopod and cordaite trees of the Carboniferous and Permian were long gone, although smaller lycopods survived. Existing petrological and geochronological data are used to present a new model for Carboniferous collision at the western margin of the Bohemian Massif. The age of the Whin Sill complex and the associated dykes can be narrowed down to Late Carboniferous to Early Permian by stratigraphical evidence. New palaeomagnetic data from Lower Carboniferous granitoids of the orogenic root of the eastern Variscan belt show a polyphase palaeomagnetic record. Many Devonian species differ from Early Carboniferous species in having quadrate rather than cuneate brachials and in having straight-sided rather than zigzag arms. They were pioneers in the use of local ores, albeit ironstones from coal measures rather than the celebrated haematites of the Carboniferous Limestone series. The Cretaceous rocks that occupy the southern part of the block between the TLF and fault A are partly overthrust by those of Carboniferous age in a SW direction. Show More Sentences Athyrids were most abundant during the Silurian and Devonian periods, but still remained common during the early Carboniferous, and even as late as the Permian. During the Carboniferous the climate was hot and humid, and there were extensive swampy forests dominated by giant tree ferns and conifers, club mosses, and horsetails. Conventionally, the Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian systems constitute the Lower Palaeozoic and the Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian comprise the Upper Palaeozoic. Carboniferous volcanism, occurring at converging plates margins, both at the Appalachian and at the Ouachita margins, was decidedly not tholeiitic. Related agnathans with external armour occur widely from the Late Silurian to the Devonian, but they all became extinct before the start of the Carboniferous. Carboniferous goniatites as a group appear to be relatively cosmopolitan. The early Carboniferous Northumberland Basin, NE England, is one of the northernmost basins that developed in the foreland of the Variscan orogenic belt. Turbidite deposits and westward younging of limestones and evaporites record the development of the foreland fold and thrust belt during the Late Carboniferous Epoch. Early Carboniferous coral faunas of the block have a strong Eurasian affinity, with two recognized coral faunas from two ecological facies having been recognized. Its coal seams were formed from the vegetation of tropical swampy forests in the Carboniferous period over 300 million years ago. The Millstone Grit dates from the Namurian Stage of the Carboniferous Period. The Millstone Grit is, in turn, underlain by limestone rocks from the lower Carboniferous period. Around 295 million years ago upwelling magma spread through fissures and between strata in the earlier Carboniferous Limestone country rock. The soil is alluvial, derived from Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian rocks. Carving the Stone The stone for the monument, a Carboniferous quartz arenite, would have been obtained locally and was ideal for carving. During the Carboniferous, Laurasia and Gondwana collided and thus began the formation of the supercontinent Pangea. At the start of the Permian, the Earth was still in an ice age, which began in the Carboniferous. The diversity of crustaceans testifies to a dramatic Lower Carboniferous eumalacostracan radiation. Each of these structures consists of Carboniferous limestone overlain with Millstone Grit. The granite which forms the uplands dates from the Carboniferous Period of geological history. Show More Sentences This destabilized the climate and led to one, and perhaps two, ice ages during the Carboniferous. Terrestrial flora reached its climax in the Carboniferous, when towering lycopsid rainforests dominated the tropical belt of Euramerica. The Peak District is formed almost exclusively from sedimentary rocks dating from the Carboniferous period. The surrounding lower ground is formed from Carboniferous Limestone though much of it is obscured by superficial deposist of Quaternary age. Exmoor is an upland area formed almost exclusively from sedimentary rocks dating from the Devonian and early Carboniferous periods. The north east of Cornwall lies on Carboniferous rocks known as the Culm Measures. In the northern part of the county there are examples of Jurassic, Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic. Centrally, Precambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician, Carboniferous and Permian predominate. The Old Red Sandstone is a magnafacies of red beds and lacustrine deposits from the Late Silurian to the Carboniferous. Ben Nevis is all that remains of a Devonian volcano that met a cataclysmic end in the Carboniferous period around 350 million years ago. Blue Beach near Hantsport, Joggins Fossil Cliffs, on the Bay of Fundy's shores, has yielded an abundance of Carboniferous age fossils. The paleogeographic position of the Armorica crustal fragments between the Ordovician and Carboniferous is highly disputed though. Amniotes branched from labyrinthodonts in the subsequent Carboniferous period. The steepest parts of the Wye gorge are cut through the Carboniferous Limestone. Most of the early crustaceans are rare, but fossil crustaceans become abundant from the Carboniferous period onwards. Cumacea and Isopoda are both known from the Carboniferous, as are the first true mantis shrimp. The Silesian is in the geologic timescale of Europe a series or epoch, a subdivision of the Carboniferous system or period. The Carboniferous is often treated in North America as two geological periods, the earlier Mississippian and the later Pennsylvanian. Carboniferous rocks in Europe and eastern North America largely consist of a repeated sequence of limestone, sandstone, shale and coal beds. The large coal deposits of the Carboniferous may owe their existence primarily to two factors. Show More Sentences The second factor was the lower sea levels that occurred during the Carboniferous as compared to the preceding Devonian period. The Cladoxylopsids were large trees, that were ancestors of ferns, first arising in the Carboniferous. The fronds of some Carboniferous ferns are almost identical with those of living species. Akmonistion of the shark order Symmoriida roamed the oceans of the early Carboniferous. The Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse slowed the evolution of amphibians who could not survive as well in the cooler, drier conditions. Petrolacosaurus, the first diapsid reptile known, lived during the late Carboniferous. The first 15 million years of the Carboniferous had very limited terrestrial fossils. The Carboniferous rainforest collapse left behind vast regions of desert within the continental interior. The first amniotes apparently arose in the Pennsylvanian subperiod of the Carboniferous. It is a subdivision of the Carboniferous system or period and the regional Silesian series. Many of the coal fields date to the Carboniferous period of Earth's history. In the Carboniferous, rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life. Subduction ceased along this margin in the Late Carboniferous and jumped eastward. The polar ice cap of the Carboniferous Period covered the southern end of Pangaea. In the early Carboniferous movement of Gondwana to the north and its convergence with the Euramerica basin decreased in size. It appears to have been intruded along the interface between Devonian and Carboniferous rocks. Nodules from the Carboniferous Mazon Creek fossil beds of Illinois, USA, are among the best documented examples of such mineralization. At the end of the Carboniferous period, this group diverged from the sauropsid line that led to today's reptiles and birds. The limestone he used was the Pennine Carboniferous limestone of the area, which was used for paving in the towns and on the turnpike roads. The low rolling hills of Low Furness are formed of glacial deposits, mainly boulder clay, above Triassic sandstone and Carboniferous limestone. Show More Sentences The hill is prominent from the A590 road with its steep limestone cliffs, laid down in the Carboniferous period some 350 million years ago. Though of Carboniferous age, the limestones of this Scottish province are not assigned to the Carboniferous Limestone Supergroup. The stalagmite and stalactite are the two main subsurface features in a Carboniferous Limestone area. It is formed from the Millstone Grit and Coal Measures of the Carboniferous age. Either side of the Whin Sill the county lies on Carboniferous Limestone, giving some areas of karst landscape. Early Carboniferous age of the cratonic intrusions in the crystalline basement of NE Poland. Paleobotanical and paleoecological constrainsts on models of peat formation in the Late Carboniferous of Euramerica. Palaeoecological and evolutionary significance of anatomically preserved terrestrial plants in Upper Carboniferous marine goniatite bullions. Thus the Pentland Hills form an anticline of Upper Silurian Rocks, over which the Carboniferous Rocks were upfolded. The gap was formed by the dropping of the Craven Faults in the Carboniferous through Jurassic periods combined with glacial scouring by ice sheets in the Pleistocene Ice Age. Because it is brittle, the use of Carboniferous Limestone for building stone tends to be limited to those areas where it is the most abundantly available rock. Carboniferous Limestone is a sedimentary rock made of calcium carbonate. Published documents have described only the late Carboniferous movement on the fault as either northwest-directed thrusting or sinistral transcurrence. Carboniferous Limestone occurs most famously around The Burren in County Clare, western Ireland where it produces one of western Europe's most important karst landscapes. The Pennine chain of hills in the west is of Carboniferous origin. The Carboniferous Limestone is widespread throughout Ireland. The dominant plants of the Carboniferous were lycopods and early conifers. Within England and Wales, the entire limestone succession, which includes subordinate mudstones and some thin sandstones, is known as the Carboniferous Limestone Supergroup. Unambiguous moss fossils have been recovered from as early as the Permian of Antarctica and Russia, and a case is put forwards for Carboniferous mosses. The whole region was then uplifted again by a batholith of granite mainly in the Carboniferous period although the granite remains largely below the surface. Show More Sentences They range from the beginning of the Carboniferous to the Jurassic. During the Carboniferous some species of dipnoid fish had 30 million years to evolve into reptiles, unless new discoveries may point to other origins for reptiles. Devonian conglomerates composed of sandstones and pelites appear in the area, and Carboniferous marine formations are unconformably overlain in sequence. Most cliffs of chalk have very few obvious bedding planes unlike most thick sequences of limestone such as the Carboniferous Limestone or the Jurassic oolitic limestones. The youngest rocks into which the granites intrude are the Carboniferous Crackington and Bealsmill formations of Namurian to lower Westphalian age. Devon's second major rock system is the Culm Measures, a geological formation of the Carboniferous period that occurs principally in Devon and Cornwall. Carboniferous Hunts Bay Oolite lies under much of south Wales. From the Pennsylvanian subperiod of the Carboniferous period until well into the Permian, the most successful insects were primitive relatives of cockroaches. The Permian began with the Carboniferous flora still flourishing. Before the end of the Carboniferous Period, an extinction event occurred. Most species of Carboniferous marine fish have been described largely from teeth, fin spines and dermal ossicles, with smaller freshwater fish preserved whole. In eastern North America, marine beds are more common in the older part of the period than the later part and are almost entirely absent by the late Carboniferous. The Carboniferous coal beds provided much of the fuel for power generation during the Industrial Revolution and are still of great economic importance. In North America, the early Carboniferous is largely marine limestone, which accounts for the division of the Carboniferous into two periods in North American schemes. A major marine and terrestrial extinction event, the Carboniferous rainforest collapse, occurred in the middle of the period, caused by climate change. Vast swaths of forest covered the land, which would eventually be laid down and become the coal beds characteristic of the Carboniferous stratigraphy evident today. During the upper part of the Carboniferous period, a marked decline in echinoid diversity occurred, and this trend continued to the Permian period. He founded the system for the classification of Cambrian rocks and with Roderick Murchison worked out the order of the Carboniferous and underlying Devonian strata. Once the main River Dee approaches the Cheshire border and the Carboniferous Coal Measures, it turns sharply northwards before meandering up to Chester. County Durham is underlain by Carboniferous rocks in the west. Show More Sentences Erosion along the line of a geological fault known as the Campsie Fault has left tiers of rock representing some 30 lava flows which date from the Carboniferous period. There were extensive polar ice caps at intervals from 360 to 260 million years ago in South Africa during the Carboniferous and early Permian Periods. In the Pennsylvanian subperiod of the Carboniferous geological period, these rock layers were narrowed and folded as a result of the Variscan orogeny. Ferns first appear in the fossil record in the early Carboniferous period. Similarly, Arthur's Seat is the remains of a volcano dating from the Carboniferous period, which was eroded by a glacier moving west to east during the ice age. The upland area is underlain by sedimentary rocks dating from the Devonian and early Carboniferous periods with Triassic and Jurassic age rocks on lower slopes. They comprise the Carboniferous Limestone, the overlying Gritstone and finally the Coal Measures, though the latter occur only on the extreme margins of the area. The oldest rocks are Lower Carboniferous limestones of Dinantian age, which form the core of the White Peak within the Peak District National Park. The oldest rocks occur in the northern, more upland half of the county, and are mostly of Carboniferous age, comprising limestones, gritstones, sandstones and shales. In the United Kingdom extensive doline fields developed at Mynydd Llangynidr across a plateau of Twrch Sandstone overlying concealed Carboniferous Limestone. Climate change caused the Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse which fragmented this habitat, diminishing the diversity of plant life in the late Carboniferous and Permian. The Carboniferous spanned from 359 million to 299 million years. Further collisions caused the Variscan orogeny in the Devonian and Carboniferous periods, forming the hills of Munster, southwest England, and southern Wales. Underlying the upper reaches of the Trent, are formations of Millstone Grit and Carboniferous Coal Measures which include layers of sandstones, marls and coal seams. The western margin of the vale is composed of Permian Magnesian Limestone and further to the west are Carboniferous Millstone Grit and Coal Measures. It overlies a thick sequence of Carboniferous Limestone beds. The sloping plateau summit of Pendle Hill is formed from the Pendle Grit, a coarse Carboniferous age sandstone assigned to the Millstone Grit Group. Examples from Classical Literature In the history of our globe the Carboniferous period succeeds to the Devonian. On the whole the Carboniferous seems to have been a time of subsidence in the West. The Carboniferous system in Brazil presents itself under two facies, the one marine and the other terrestrial. Carboniferous rocks appear in small faulted tracts, unconformable on the Silurian, on 832 the shores of the Solway Firth. Most of the species belong to the mountain or Carboniferous limestone. Late Carboniferous tropical dryland vegetation in an alluvial plain setting, Joggins, Nova Scotia, Canada. There are Carboniferous basins of great extent and richness. The species are chiefly confined to rocks of the Carboniferous age. Comparative ecology and life-history biology of arborescent lycopsids in Late Carboniferous swamps of Euramerica. The first is in veins in the Carboniferous or mountain limestone. Only a partial section of the Carboniferous developed in the Euphrates graben and the Mesopotamian Fore-deep. The exploration emphasis of this Promote Licence is to address the Carboniferous prospectivity in the Namurian and Dinantian sequences. Their remains are found in the Devonian and Carboniferous deposits. The well has a planned total depth of 4,700 metres and the principle target was anticipated a depth of around 4,390 metres, in the middle Carboniferous formation. As reported earlier, in the first half of 2014 the company made a new discovery in the Bashkirian tier's sediments of the Carboniferous period in the Rozhkovskoye field. Find more words! 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