| Above all, it was Western Europe that the United States was seeking to defend when it formulated the policy of massive retaliation in the first place. |
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| The president was no friend of nuclear weapons and hoped that massive retaliation would bring the new leadership of the Soviet Union to negotiate nuclear disarmament. |
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| Any sign of opposition, real or imagined, was the pretext for a massive retaliation. |
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| But the analysts at rand considered massive retaliation a pathetically crude idea, an atomic-age version of Roosevelt's big stick. |
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| The terms cold war and massive retaliation should not be mentioned these days. |
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| During the Cold War, use of nuclear weapons was prevented by the prospect of massive retaliation. |
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| They have so tied themselves to massive retaliation rhetoric that they had to do something. |
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| In December 1963 NATO, at a ministerial meeting in Athens, had signaled this change with its new strategy of flexible response in place of that of massive retaliation. |
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| I think the main difference is that it will require a truly believable threat, as we learned during the Cold War, of massive retaliation as a possible response. |
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| In the 1950s, for example, deterrence as expressed in the policy of massive retaliation was attacked from within its own system of logic by the strategic analyst William Kaufmann. |
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| The threat of massive retaliation inflicting more death and revenge remains the primary defence against missile attacks from world nations or terrorist organizations. |
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| It was basically NATO's first attempt to temper its policy of massive retaliation by submitting the use of nuclear weapons to consultation under varying circumstances. |
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| As soon as NATO's third Strategic Concept was adopted, a series of international developments occurred that put into question the Alliance's strategy of massive retaliation. |
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| So ingrained is the instinct for massive retaliation that Downing St. came out swinging before mastering the facts. |
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| Massive retaliation can yet be seen as a rational attempt to make deterrence work and to keep global peace at a bearable cost. |
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| Massive retaliation was also criticized for failing to appreciate possible areas of Soviet superiority. |
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| Massive retaliation was widely criticized. |
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