| The record of Mesozoic metatherians remains negligible or non-existent for southern landmasses, though the Tertiary record has greatly improved. |
| Many Paleogene fossil birds of Europe have their closest modern relatives on southern landmasses today. |
| In addition, the Arctic Sea became nearly isolated by landmasses, with limited outlets to the rest of the world's ocean. |
| Even more puzzling are two large landmasses to the left and right of the American double continent. |
| Coal forests of giant lycopods, calamites, pteridophytes and ferns cover the tropical landmasses. |
| The flowers also tend to be very small, compared to the size of the flowers found in other landmasses and continents. |
