“As participation in challenge testing at all time points was voluntary, self-selection was a possible confounder.”

“In epidemiologic studies, age may appear as either a confounder or an effect modifier in the relationship between temperature and mortality.”

“This dataset includes exposure variables, neurofunctional outcome variables, serum prolactin, and confounder variables.”

“But unlike Vonnegut or Heller, his writing showed startling amorality — no pity or grief, just a great perplexity and confoundedness.”

“Rather, it gratifies a curiosity fed by confoundedness and discoveries, both practical and intuitive, as it creates a cycle of nuanced engagement and stimulation.”

“This is a perfect example of a confound. It is impossible to tell if the results are due to one factor or the other.”

“Consideration of potential confounders, measures to prevent bias, and appropriate statistical analysis were mostly lacking.”

“We investigated these and other measures of body habitus as potential confounders.”

“Some reported both unadjusted analyses and analyses adjusted for covariates, which appropriately informs readers of the role confounders had.”