| When these reduced plastoquinone molecules are oxidized, giving up electrons to the cytochrome-iron-sulfur complex, protons are released inside the thylakoid. |
| Those appressed to another thylakoid in a stack called a granum are "appressed" or "agranal" thylakoids. |
| The thylakoid system was normally developed with grana composed of, on average, three to four stacked thylakoids. |
| Chloroplasts in these plants were smaller and contained poorly developed thylakoid membrane systems. |
| After being targeted to the thylakoid membrane, the D1 protein elongation and membrane insertion occur concomitantly. |
| In higher plant chloroplasts, many pigment-binding proteins are inserted into the thylakoid membrane and organized into multisubunit complexes called photosystems. |
