| Clonal integration has been examined by most workers by using C tracers, severing ramet connections, or analyzing mother-daughter sharing. |
| For all plots, ramet density was calculated by counting the number of stems of each plant species encountered in each subplot. |
| Ramet growth was similar regardless of whether nutrient additions were provided directly to a daughter ramet or indirectly through its mother rhizome. |
| The presence of any of the three gallmakers reduced ramet production as well as biomass allocation to leaves and rhizomes, but increased allocation to stem. |
| Ramets attacked by any of the three gallmakers examined produced significantly fewer achenes per flower head, fewer heads per ramet, and fewer achenes per ramet. |
