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What is a null hypothesis?

What is a null hypothesis? Here are some definitions.

Noun
  1. (statistics) A hypothesis set up to be nullified or refuted in order to support an alternative hypothesis. When used, the null hypothesis is presumed true until statistical evidence in the form of a hypothesis test indicates otherwise. Therefore, the null and the alternative hypothesis must be mutually exclusive and exhaustive. The use of the null hypothesis is controversial.
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Examples
We also tested the secondary null hypothesis that differences in vesical neck mobility would be independent of parity and continence status.
Paup does not reproduce the phenetic clusters, and therefore the null hypothesis is falsified.
The next step in hypothesis testing is to draw a conclusion based on the decision to reject or not reject the null hypothesis.
Based on the statistical results, the null hypothesis is rejected for all variables.
The null hypothesis was that habitat and other variables could not be used to predict the identity of a murrelet group.
We used the test with Yates's correction to avoid spurious rejection of the null hypothesis when expectations are too small.

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