| Cancer is caused by mutational damage to genes that otherwise hold a cell's reproductive cycle in check, and thus stop that cell proliferating. |
| Gene mutational damage in the liver can be assessed in the transgenic animal mutation assay. |
| If this occurs frequently, then MA experiments will be practically useless for studying any properties of mutational covariance. |
| Most importantly, if mutations have no effect on organismal fitness, the genealogy of a sample can be separated entirely from the mutational process. |
| The distribution of mutational effects was assumed to be gamma, which allows a wide variety of shapes. |
| This analysis suggested that the African population is close to equilibrium between mutational forces and genetic drift. |
