| Historians have not settled on a good name for the centuries between Diocletian and Charlemagne, but this phrase is at least serviceable. |
| Moravians, Bulgars, Croato-Serbians, and Poles all sought to overthrow the Avars, but their power was not broken until Charlemagne appeared. |
| In order for his margraves, especially, to rule the conquered peoples, Charlemagne had their customs set down in writing. |
| On the other hand, it was certainly fostered by Charlemagne himself, without whom it would scarcely have happened. |
| When Raphael painted the Coronation of Charlemagne on the walls of the Vatican stanzas, was he being unartistic? |
| Their value as gifts was established as early as 802 when the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid sent an elephant to Charlemagne. |
