Finally, seeing all of the troubles freed slaves and white southerners were having, the Freedmen's Bureau was organized. |
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Just as horrifying as these death marches was the Middle Passage, as it was called -- the transport of slaves across the Atlantic. |
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Slaves from Africa were used to grow sugar and other plantation crops, it has been argued, because they comprised the least-cost option. |
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It was not until 1837, however, that the state's first legislature passed a comprehensive slave code to regulate slaves, slavery, and free blacks. |
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Slaves helped Unionists evade conscription, and both groups spied and scouted for Federal troops. |
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Slaves did not have surnames, and lowborn women frequently were not even granted a forename. |
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The Red States were Slave Importing States, and the Pink States Were Slave States that Exported Slaves. |
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Slaves wore a hat called a billycock, which was similar to the kind of hat that was worn by the British army. |
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Slaves also covertly appropriated food from their masters ' gardens and kitchens. |
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Slaves held in bondage are forced into labor and too often treated inhumanely. |
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Slaves were emancipated in 1863, but more than a century passed before the Voting Rights Act became law. |
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Slaves were also important in the skilled trades connected with clothing and personal ornamentation. |
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Slaves are viewed by their owners as property, and are bought and sold accordingly. |
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Abolitionists were active on the lecture circuit in the North, and often featured escaped slaves in their presentations. |
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Quaker and Methodist ministers particularly urged slaveholders to free their slaves. |
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The slaves in Africa, I suppose, are nearly in the proportion of three to one to the freemen. |
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In the Americas, slaves were denied the right to marry freely and masters did not generally accept them as equal members of the family. |
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New World slaves were considered the property of their owners, and slaves convicted of revolt or murder were executed. |
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In the 1840s, almost 300,000 slaves were transported, with Alabama and Mississippi receiving 100,000 each. |
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During each decade between 1810 and 1860, at least 100,000 slaves were moved from their state of origin. |
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Traders created regular migration routes served by a network of slave pens, yards, and warehouses needed as temporary housing for the slaves. |
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In addition, other vendors provided clothes, food, and supplies for slaves. |
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There were eight principal areas used by Europeans to buy and ship slaves to the Western Hemisphere. |
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Once the trip ended, slaves faced a life on the frontier significantly different from most labor in the Upper South. |
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As for the distribution of slaves from regions of activity, certain areas produced far more enslaved people than others. |
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Mosquitoes and other environmental challenges spread disease, which took the lives of many slaves. |
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The treatment of slaves in the United States varied widely depending on conditions, times and places. |
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The power relationships of slavery corrupted many whites who had authority over slaves, with children showing their own cruelty. |
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Medical care for slaves was limited in terms of the medical knowledge available to anyone. |
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It was generally provided by other slaves or by slaveholders' family members. |
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Many slaves possessed medical skills needed to tend to each other, and used folk remedies brought from Africa. |
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This prohibition was unique to American slavery, believed to reduce slaves forming aspirations that could lead to escape or rebellion. |
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In Alabama, slaves were not allowed to leave their master's premises without written consent or passes. |
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The number of lives lost in the procurement of slaves remains a mystery but may equal or exceed the number who survived to be enslaved. |
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Planters feared that group meetings would facilitate communication among slaves that could lead to rebellion. |
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After the Revolution, numerous states individually passed laws against importing slaves. |
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In that period, Charleston traders imported about 75,000 slaves, more than were brought to South Carolina in the 75 years before the Revolution. |
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By January 1, 1808, when Congress banned further imports, South Carolina was the only state that still allowed importation of slaves. |
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Congress allowed continued trade only in slaves who were descendants of those currently in the United States. |
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Besides the slaves who died on the Middle Passage, more Africans likely died during the slave raids in Africa and forced marches to ports. |
|
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The Americans protested that Britain's failure to return all slaves violated the Treaty of Ghent. |
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Southern slaves generally attended their masters' white churches, where they often outnumbered the white congregants. |
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Bienville brought the first two African slaves to Louisiana in 1708, transporting them from a French colony in the West Indies. |
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A family's status was indicated by the number of slaves it owned, leading to wars for the sole purpose of taking more captives. |
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In a frenzy of fear and retaliation, the militia killed more than 100 slaves who had not been involved in the rebellion. |
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Planters whipped hundreds of innocent slaves to ensure resistance was quelled. |
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In 1807, the UK Parliament passed the Bill that abolished the trading of slaves. |
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It specified heavy penalties for both student and teacher if slaves were educated, including whippings or jail. |
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Unlike in the South, slave owners in Utah were required to send their slaves to school. |
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Black slaves did not have to spend as much time in school as Indian slaves. |
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The transition from indentured servants to slaves is cited to show that slaves offered greater profits to their owners. |
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Under the Gang System, groups of slaves perform synchronized tasks under the constant vigilance of an overseer. |
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Although the prices of slaves relative to indentured servants declined, both got more expensive. |
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Cotton production was rising and relied on the use of slaves to yield high profits. |
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If slaves had a history of fights or escapes, their price was lowered reflecting what planters believed was risk of repeating such behavior. |
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The conditions of the market led to shocks in the supply and demand of slaves, which in turn changed prices. |
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After being captured and held in the factories, slaves entered the infamous Middle Passage. |
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Some white northerners helped hide former slaves from their former owners or helped them reach freedom in Canada. |
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Most free states not only prohibited slavery, but ruled that slaves brought and kept there illegally could be freed. |
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Previous slaves in Louisiana had been transported from French colonies in the West Indies. |
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Taney, the decision effectively barred slaves and their descendants from citizenship. |
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At the beginning of the war, some Union commanders thought they were supposed to return escaped slaves to their masters. |
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The slave traders would try to fit anywhere from 350 to 600 slaves on one ship. |
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By June 1865, the Union Army controlled all of the Confederacy and had liberated all of the designated slaves. |
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Thousands of slaves were freed by the operation of the Emancipation Proclamation as Union armies marched across the South. |
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In spite of the South's shortage of manpower, until 1865, most Southern leaders opposed arming slaves as soldiers. |
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Fewer slaves died in the Middle Passage over time mainly because the passage was shorter. |
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The federal government also sent troops to the south to provide protection to the former slaves who were still living among their former masters. |
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By the end of 1721, New Orleans counted 1256 inhabitants, of which about half were slaves. |
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Following Lord Mansfield's decision in 1772, slaves became free upon entering the British isles. |
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Some tribal sheiks in Iraq still keep blacks, called Abd, which means servant or slave in Arabic, as slaves. |
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After 1800, some of the Cherokee and the other four civilized tribes of the Southeast started buying and using black slaves as labor. |
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Cherokee who aided slaves were punished with one hundred lashes on the back. |
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The new law freed all slaves brought in illegally after its passage and imposed heavy fines on violators. |
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Among some Pacific Northwest tribes, about a quarter of the population were slaves. |
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It was nominally to protect the living and working conditions for African slaves. |
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In 1870 Portugal ended the last trade route with the Americas where the last country to import slaves was Brazil. |
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For example, Andrew Durnford of New Orleans was listed as owning 77 slaves. |
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After 1810 southern states made it increasingly difficult for any slaveholders to free slaves. |
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He found that the majority of black slaveholders appeared to hold at least some of their slaves for commercial reasons. |
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Slave ships were large cargo ships specially converted for the purpose of transporting slaves. |
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Historians have assessed it also as a way to keep slaves more content by granting some freedoms and protecting their families. |
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For various reasons, the census did not always include all of the slaves, especially in the West. |
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Often the ships, also known as Guineamen, transported hundreds of slaves, who were chained tightly to plank beds. |
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However, there were many slaves that were brought to work in the mines during the California Gold Rush. |
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Utah was actively trying to hide its slave population from Congress and did not report slaves in several communities. |
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For example, the slave ship Henrietta Marie carried about 200 slaves on the long Middle Passage. |
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There were hundreds of Native American slaves in California, Utah and New Mexico that were never recorded in the census. |
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The Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and 4 million slaves were freed. |
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The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, a total of 49 percent. |
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The transportation of slaves from Africa to America was known as the Middle Passage. |
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During the Civil War, sentiment concerning slaves, enslavement and emancipation in the United States was divided. |
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Lincoln's moderate approach succeeded in inducing border states, War Democrats and emancipated slaves to fight for the Union. |
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Radical Republicans demanded proof that Confederate nationalism was dead and that the slaves were truly free. |
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At first, they traded mainly with the Greeks, trading wood, slaves, glass and powdered Tyrian purple. |
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Between forty and eighty per cent of the population of Classical Athens were slaves. |
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Most families owned slaves as household servants and laborers, and even poor families might have owned a few slaves. |
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Owners often promised to free slaves in the future to encourage slaves to work hard. |
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These public slaves had a larger measure of independence than slaves owned by families, living on their own and performing specialized tasks. |
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Firsthand accounts from former slaves, such as Olaudah Equiano, describe the horrific conditions that enslaved people were forced to endure. |
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For centuries, large vessels on the Mediterranean relied on galley slaves supplied by North African and Ottoman slave traders. |
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Pirate raids for the acquisition of slaves occurred in towns and villages on the African Atlantic seaboard, as well as in Europe. |
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Additionally, there were slaves from the Caucasus obtained by a mixture of raiding and trading. |
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The fugitive slaves, called maroons, could easily hide in the backcountry of the bayous and survive in small settlements. |
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These modest taxes were levied against land, homes and other real estate, slaves, animals, personal items and monetary wealth. |
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These recruits included the criollo peoples, who ranked low down in the social hierarchy, as well as some slaves. |
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Slavery was a part of Ottoman society, with most slaves employed as domestic servants. |
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After selling the slaves, the ships returned to Britain loaded with sugar and tobacco, completing the Triangular trade. |
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The case made it pointless for someone to import slaves into Britain around 1800 as the slaves would have been freed if they had landed. |
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Dutch traders also imported thousands of slaves to the fledgling colony from Indonesia, Madagascar, and parts of eastern Africa. |
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Historians confirm that African slaves lived in the region in the early 17th century. |
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It has been estimated that from the 10th to 19th centuries some 6,000 to 7,000 slaves were transported north each year. |
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It seems that the pope had never forgotten the English slaves whom he had once seen in the Roman Forum. |
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Tacitus adds that the goddess, the cart, and the cloth are then washed by slaves in a secluded lake. |
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Under the conditions of the surrender, three hundred married women were to be handed over as Roman slaves. |
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When the supply of indigenous slaves ran out, the slaveholders looked to Africa. |
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It was stormed and taken by the Athenians in 415 BC, and the inhabitants, among them the famous courtesan Lais, sold as slaves. |
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With settlement, after the first royal land grant by the Governor of Jamaica in 1734, came the perceived need for slaves. |
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There were also slaves of Tatar ethnicity, probably prisoners captured from the wars with the Nogai and Crimean Tatars. |
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As in the Byzantine Empire, the Roma were held as slaves of the state, of the boyars or of the monasteries. |
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The Tatar slaves, smaller in numbers, were eventually merged into the Roma population. |
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In 1844, Moldavian Prince Mihail Sturdza proposed a law on the freeing of slaves owned by the church and state. |
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Since these were important positions, the senators were aghast at their being placed in the hands of former slaves. |
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Alexander also confirmed that soldiers could free their slaves in their wills. |
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Former slaves tended to be absorbed into the peasantry and some became laborers in the towns. |
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In addition, Alaric forced the Senate to liberate all 40,000 Gothic slaves in Rome. |
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During the 1740s economic crisis in the colony, masters had trouble feeding their slaves and themselves. |
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After Bacon's Rebellion, African slaves rapidly replaced indentured servants as Virginia's main labor force. |
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The processing of sea salt was developed as a highly important export product from the West Indies, with the labour done by African slaves. |
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Roman slaves were of lower value in these matters compared to Germanic slaves. |
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A still lower class, according to their assigned values, were the agricultural slaves. |
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The slaves who administer this purification are afterwards thrown into the lake. |
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This practice was repeated during the War of 1812, where escaped American slaves were formed into Cochrane's second Corps of Colonial Marines. |
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There was also an unskilled labour shortage, which the VOC later resolved by importing slaves from Angola, Madagascar, and the East Indies. |
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Members of the community descend from freed slaves accompanying Voortrekkers who settled in the area. |
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Most slaveholders held a few or several domestic slaves, but others hired them out to work at labor. |
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Europeans brought transportation technology to the practise, bringing large numbers of African slaves to the Americas by sail. |
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As the Deep South was developed for both cotton and sugar in the nineteenth century, demand increased for slaves. |
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Ultimately, around 11 million Africans were taken to the Caribbean and North and South America as slaves by European colonizers. |
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The Louisiana Black Code of 1806 made the cruel punishment of slaves a crime, but masters and overseers were seldom prosecuted for such acts. |
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Portugal enjoyed a virtual monopoly of the Atlantic slave trade for over a century, exporting around 800 slaves annually. |
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In the 1570s close to 20,000 slaves a year were being sold in the Crimean port of Kaffa. |
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As many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation. |
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For example, in rice production there is some evidence that slaves from Africa utilized traditional methods to grow rice. |
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However, and especially under slavery in broader senses of the word, slaves may have some rights and protections according to laws or customs. |
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He returned to the Caribbean that same year and on his subsequent return began to preach to his slaves in Antigua. |
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In many cases, such as in Persia, the situations and lives of such slaves could be better than those of other common citizens. |
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The ban on the African slave trade and importation of slaves had increased demand in the domestic market. |
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It was brought to Ireland by returned emigrants from the United States, where it had been developed by African slaves. |
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For example, when the Southern United States allowed slavery, many slaves moved north via the Underground Railroad. |
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They were well cared for but were legally slaves owned by the government and were not allowed to marry. |
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Eastern Europe suffered a series of Tatar invasions, the goal of which was to loot and capture slaves into jasyr. |
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When the vessel stopped at a Red Sea port, the natives killed all the travelers except the two brothers, who were taken to the court as slaves. |
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In the 9th and 10th centuries, the black Zanj slaves may have constituted at least a half of the total population of lower Iraq. |
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At the same time, many slaves in the region were also imported from Central Asia and the Caucasus. |
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Ethiopia had between two and four million slaves in the early 20th century, out of a total population of about eleven million. |
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The central theme of Sugar and Slaves is the rise of the big slave-owning sugar planters who completely dominated their island societies by the late seventeenth century. |
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Following the Civil War and emancipation of slaves, violence rose in the South as the war was carried on by paramilitary and private groups. |
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Slaves had been playing fiddle as early as the seventeenth century. |
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Women, freedmen, and slaves had opportunities to profit and exercise influence in ways previously less available to them. |
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Agriculture and industry, such as milling and mining, relied on the exploitation of slaves. |
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Under Roman law, slaves were considered property and had no legal personhood. |
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Within a household or workplace, a hierarchy of slaves might exist, with one slave in effect acting as the master of other slaves. |
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Over time slaves gained increased legal protection, including the right to file complaints against their masters. |
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With promises of freedom, Alaric also recruited many of the slaves in Rome. |
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During the period of Republican expansionism when slavery had become pervasive, war captives were a main source of slaves. |
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The European appetite for trade, commodities, empire and slaves greatly affected many other areas of the world. |
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As a social class generally, freed slaves were libertini, though later writers used the terms libertus and libertinus interchangeably. |
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In Egypt, textile producers could run prosperous small businesses employing apprentices, free workers earning wages, and slaves. |
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Gladiators were trained combatants who might be slaves, convicts, or free volunteers. |
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They imported thousands of slaves from tribes of West Africa, who spoke several different languages. |
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Like gladiators, entertainers were infames in the eyes of the law, little better than slaves even if they were technically free. |
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A typical legion of this period had 5,120 legionaries as well as a large number of camp followers, servants and slaves. |
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He also created the Praetorian Guard along with a permanent navy where served the liberti, or freed slaves. |
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The survivors, including chaplain John Knox, were condemned to serve as galley slaves. |
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Franks traded timber, furs, swords and slaves in return for silks and other fabrics, spices, and precious metals from the Arabs. |
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Knox and the other galley slaves continued to Nantes and stayed on the Loire throughout the winter. |
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Slaves bought in Mozambique were often from the Makua, Yao or Maravi groups, who practised dental decoration of the patterns noted in these skeletons. |
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Then they set upon us and slew some of my slaves and put the lave to flight. |
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As early as 1687, the Spanish government had begun to offer asylum to slaves from British colonies. |
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The settlers came mainly from the English colony of Barbados and brought African slaves with them. |
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There was a mill named Kings Mill that would have been rented to local slaves and villeins. |
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It was also the role of slave men to bring new slaves from ships to auction. |
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Slavery in colonial America was very oppressive, as it passed from generation to generation, and slaves had no legal rights. |
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In 1700, there were about 9,600 slaves in the Chesapeake region and a few hundred in the Carolinas. |
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By 1750, there were more than 250,000 slaves in British America, and they made up about 60 percent of the total population in the Carolinas. |
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They owned increasingly large plantations that were worked by African slaves. |
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Of the 650,000 inhabitants of the South in 1750, about 250,000 or 40 percent, were slaves. |
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He grew up in a family of Whig reformers who, like his uncle Josiah Wedgwood, supported electoral reform and the emancipation of slaves. |
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British Tories criticized the signatories for not extending the same standards of equality to slaves. |
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To bolster numbers, the British promised freedom and grants of land to slaves who fought for them. |
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Including those who left during the war, a total of about 8000 to 10,000 slaves gained freedom. |
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About 4000 freed slaves went to Nova Scotia and 1200 blacks remained slaves. |
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The first Scots recorded as having set foot in the New World were a man named Haki and a woman named Hekja, slaves owned by Leif Eiriksson. |
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The great influx of Scots Presbyterians into the Carolinas introduced African slaves to this form of worship. |
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Paul, in Mdina, and featured torchlight processions, the firing of 100 petards, horseraces, and races for men, boys and slaves. |
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Large farmsteads produced food in industrial quantities and Roman sources note that Britain exported hunting dogs, animal skins and slaves. |
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Little space was given to the unfree, which reflects the lack of dependence upon slaves as opposed to other societies, such as Ancient Rome. |
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However, the laws discuss slaves, both male and female, and the term for a female slave, Cumhall, became a broader currency term. |
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As unfree, slaves could not be legal agents either for themselves or others. |
|
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Similar hospitals were set up for slaves in areas where slaves were used in large numbers. |
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It was mainly wholesale dealers, who followed the Roman armies, who sold slaves. |
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Around 210, piracy increased around the North Sea and boosted the supply of slaves. |
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Pirates often attacked villages in that area, capturing people for ransom or to sell as slaves. |
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This is an indication of the very high percentage of slaves in England at this time. |
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In some places, such as Essex, the decline in slaves was 20 per cent for the 20 years. |
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On that imaginary island, gold is so abundant that it is used to make chains for slaves, tableware, and lavatory seats. |
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Freedmen slaves, those of the Cives Romani convicted of crimes, or citizens settling Latin colonies could be given this status under the law. |
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Pirates from the Orkney Islands came and sacked his island, carrying off goods and his friends as slaves. |
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Eventually in 212, everybody except slaves and freed slaves were granted citizenship by the Constitutio Antoniniana. |
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Slaveowners in the West Indies and the American colonies found that slaves were more productive if they were clothed. |
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Pennant owned vast properties in Caernarfonshire and six sugar plantations in Jamaica, where he owned over six hundred slaves. |
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Both groups were hierarchically structured, with several classes of freemen and many types of slaves. |
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There were also small numbers of free slaves and seamen from West Africa and South Asia. |
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After Mansfield's ruling many former slaves continued to work for their old masters as paid employees. |
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After the American victory, between 40,000 and 60,000 defeated Loyalists migrated, some bringing their slaves. |
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The Igbo ethnic group of what is now southern Nigeria were the single largest African group among slaves in Virginia. |
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In the following century many South Asians arrived in Europe by sea as sailors, slaves and servants. |
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The chief of the Dahlak islands exported slaves, as well as amber and leopard hides, to the then ruler of Yemen. |
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Both of his parents were children of former slaves, alternating between sharecropping and rental farming. |
|
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The slaves and poor of the south often ate a similar diet, which consisted of many of the indigenous New World crops. |
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This is a result of years of importation of slaves and indentured labourers, and migration. |
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For the Kwakwaka'wakw, the killer whale was regarded as the ruler of the undersea world, with sea lions for slaves and dolphins for warriors. |
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Some captured Europeans were held on Lundy before being sent to Algiers as slaves. |
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In 1798 the islet near Sardinia was attacked by the Tunisians and over 900 inhabitants were taken away as slaves. |
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The island produced sheep, honey, resin and wax, and exported many slaves, not well considered because of their fierce and rebellious character. |
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In 1618 the Barbary pirates attacked Lanzarote and La Gomera taking 1000 captives to be sold as slaves. |
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Madeira is very mountainous, and building the levadas was difficult and often sentenced criminals or slaves were used. |
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In Ireland men otherwise wore longish hair, and a shaved head was worn by slaves. |
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Former slaves tended to be absorbed into the peasantry, and some became labourers in the towns. |
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Supposedly Gregory inquired about the identity of the slaves, and was told that they were Angles from the island of Great Britain. |
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Both denominations made direct appeals to slaves and free blacks for conversion. |
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Prior to emancipation, Baptist deacon Samuel Sharpe, who served with Burchell, organized a general strike of slaves seeking better conditions. |
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The historical galley was propelled by freemen or citizens in ancient times, and by slaves captured by pirates in more recent times. |
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Rome could use Sicilian markets, Carthage could buy and sell goods at Rome, and slaves taken by Carthage from allies of Rome were to be set free. |
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Some household slaves were baptised in the hope this would mean their freedom in England. |
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More than 1 million Europeans were captured by Barbary pirates and sold as slaves in North Africa between the 16th and 19th centuries. |
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However, prior to the American Revolution, it was fairly common for Friends in British America to own slaves. |
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Millions of individuals were forcibly transported to the Americas as slaves, prisoners or indentured servants. |
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He finds his way to the hut of one of his own slaves, the swineherd Eumaeus. |
|
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He glanced toward the bow to see the four bow guards rushing back, clambering over slaves with whips and clubs in hand. |
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Between 1580 and 1680 corsairs captured about 850,000 people as slaves and from 1530 to 1780 as many as 1,250,000 people were enslaved. |
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As late as 1798, an islet near Sardinia was attacked by the Tunisians, and more than 900 inhabitants were taken away as slaves. |
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While Barbary corsairs looted the cargo of ships they captured, their primary goal was to capture people for sale as slaves or for ransom. |
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The slaves typically had to stand from eight in the morning until two in the afternoon while buyers viewed them. |
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Although the conditions in bagnios were harsh, they were better than those endured by galley slaves. |
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This, in conjunction with the new slaves that were being imported from abroad, inflamed the unemployment situation further. |
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We are industrious to preserve our bodies from slavery, but we make nothing of suffering our souls to be slaves to our lusts. |
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Overseers would walk back and forth and whip slaves considered not to be working hard enough. |
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Here, the bathers removed their clothing, which was taken in charge by slaves known as capsarii, notorious in ancient times for their dishonesty. |
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As European communities increased their charity funding for ransoming slaves, North African states increased the amount of ransom required. |
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Mail charges were often beyond the reach of ordinary captive slaves, and it could take several months for the mail to be delivered. |
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After payment of a ransom, slaves were often taken to a port to wait for the ransom to be finalized. |
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It purchased and freed the slaves, especially those in the Caribbean sugar islands. |
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Not many Barbary slaves could depend on being ransomed by their communities. |
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The tribute prices for the slaves usually varied based on their usefulness on a ship. |
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Rossini's opera L'Italiana in Algeri is based on the capture of several slaves by Barbary corsairs led by the bey of Algiers. |
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The use of African slaves was fundamental to growing colonial cash crops, which were exported to Europe. |
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When he shipped five hundred of the slaves to Spain, 40 percent died en route. |
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And since so many of the slaves died in captivity, he developed a plan while in the Province of Cicao on Hispaniola. |
|
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Finally, the Portuguese Crown sought a share in the lucrative West African trade in slaves and gold, and India's spice trade. |
|
To stimulate a higher labor productivity, many landlords freed large numbers of slaves. |
|
By the 18th century, the overwhelming number of black slaves was such that Amerindian slavery was less commonly used. |
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Rather than encouraging his countrymen to liberate their slaves, he opposed both private manumission and public emancipation. |
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Low-country planters sent slaves to grow rice, a many-handed task performed in the watery provinces of thousand-acre empires. |
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Many of the sailors were beaten mercilessly when they would refuse to beat the slaves as harshly as the captain wanted or at all. |
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The pirate's characteristic loot included various ships' cargo like slaves or tobacco. |
|
The plight of rural slaves was generally worse than their counterparts working in urban aristocratic households. |
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During the Atlantic slave trade era, Brazil imported more African slaves than any other country. |
|
The slaves were then brought back to the Caribbean to be sold to sugar planters. |
|
Demand for African slaves did not wane after the decline of the mining industry in the second half of the 18th century. |
|
Scholars estimate that as many as 156,000 slaves were exported from 1441 to 1521 to Iberia and the Atlantic islands from the African coast. |
|
Prior to this time, slaves were required to pass through Portugal to be taxed before making their way to the Americas. |
|
Roman law was not consistent about the status of slaves, except that they were considered like any other moveable property. |
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These expeditions were composed of Bandeirantes, adventurers who penetrated steadily westward in their search for Indian slaves. |
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They had no legal capacity and were not able to make contracts, even though they were not slaves. |
|
Even though prices for indigenous slaves were cheaper, there was never a focus on maintaining slave families. |
|
In some cases, services of gifted slaves were utilized for imparting education. |
|
In the subsequent centuries, many freed slaves and descendants of slaves became slave owners. |
|
Women, slaves, and children all participated in a range of religious activities. |
|
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Urban slavery in new city centers like Rio and Salvador also heightened demand for slaves. |
|
Nonetheless, despite laws banning their importation, between 1808 and 1888 more than a million new slaves were forcibly shipped to Brazil. |
|
All the palaces of the kings of Persia were built by paid workers in an era when slaves typically did such work. |
|
The profits from the sale of the slaves were then used to buy more sugar, which was shipped to Europe, restarting the cycle. |
|
Often slaves were used against one another in a circle marked on the floor. |
|
The peace proposal also stated that they did not want the present oversees and to choose new ones with the approval of the slaves first. |
|
African slaves were needed to replace Native American populations that had been decimated by European conquest. |
|
An estimated 300 rebels were arrested, of which nearly 250 were African slaves and freedmen. |
|
Trade ships sailed from Europe to the African coast, trading manufactured goods and weapons in exchange for slaves. |
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Here escaped slaves, army deserters, mulattos, and indigenous flocked to participate in this underground society. |
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The traders would then sail to the Caribbean to sell the slaves, and return to Europe with goods such as sugar, tobacco and cocoa. |
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During the fifteen years Debret spent in Brazil, he concentrated not only on court rituals but the everyday life of slaves as well. |
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When the Americans captured the Bermudian privateer Regulator, they discovered that virtually all of her crew were black slaves. |
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Malungos were often ethnically related as well, for slaves shipped on the same boat were usually from similar geographical regions of Africa. |
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These color divides reinforced racial barriers between African and Brazilian slaves, and often created animosity between them. |
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There are many reasons that could explain why women were disproportionately represented in manumitted Brazilian slaves. |
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The work of male slaves was a much more formal affair, especially in urban settings as compared to the experience of slave women. |
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Claudius ruled that slaves who were thus abandoned and recovered after such treatment would be free. |
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In 2008, the Brazilian government freed 4,634 slaves in 133 separate criminal cases at 255 different locations. |
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The sheer number of African slaves brought to Brazil and moved around South America greatly influenced the entirety of the Americas. |
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