Commoners therefore include knights as well as esquires, gentlemen, serfs, and so on. |
|
Alexander II realized that to modernize mean that Russia needed to westernize, so in 1861 he emancipated the serfs from bondage. |
|
In Austria there were major and minor nobles, small farmers who were freemen, indentured farmers and serfs. |
|
They took advantage of their large estates, and the feeble position of emancipated serfs, to supply urban markets in western Europe. |
|
Obviously a good grovel is as necessary today as it was in the days of serfs. |
|
The emancipation of the serfs in Russia in 1861 had given a huge boost to the development of capitalism. |
|
The emancipation of the serfs in 1861 left the countryside in deep poverty. |
|
These men were free, as opposed to the serfs of the sixteenth century, and organized to fend off marauding Tatars. |
|
She dressed opulently for no audience except the serfs, the slaves, and Arbitio. |
|
The football authorities and club owners were snobbish, patronising know-nothings who treated the players like serfs. |
|
The majority of serfs worked on the land, and after rendering their dues could dispose of any surplus as they wished. |
|
The owners treated their serfs as if they were a commodity like pork bellies. |
|
For instance, the lords of the manor were learning to make better use of their serfs. |
|
It is the rent that kings took for allowing the serfs and others to work the land that the kings owned. |
|
One afternoon, the same October, we took hayrides on the mule-carts of my grandfather's serfs. |
|
In feudal times the serfs had to rely on the beneficence of the lord of the manor. |
|
Not long ago people like Renato and Theresa worked for a padrone as serfs, for no pay. |
|
Here in the Thirty Years War, the seigneurial system collapsed and serfs refused to perform labour services. |
|
From the thinning mist, Sibyl watched as the serfs outside the outer bailey plowed the acres of harvest-ready grain and whatnot. |
|
Above the serfs were the Villeins, freemen who were tied to their lord's land, equivalent to the Saxon gebur. |
|
|
One could argue that the feudal system of lords and serfs was a form of sharecropping. |
|
Because many landlords had lost their serfs, the lords relaxed ancient obligations and duties. |
|
After China's crushing of an uprising in neighbouring Tibet in 1959, he went beyond the freeing of the serfs to embark on a tentative opening up. |
|
Although Norwich's custumal prohibited serfs from becoming freemen, it may be doubted that a thorough enquiry was made of the background of each applicant. |
|
We laugh at their fantasies of noble, blue-collar employment as they loll about, eating, drinking and directing the serfs. |
|
The regular clergy were forbidden to allow men under 30 years old or serfs to take vows as monks. |
|
Might we eventually return to the iniquitous polarity of a land-owning gentry v the serfs? |
|
In 1855 Nicholas I died, and soon thereafter Alexander II proclaimed his intention of emancipating the serfs. |
|
When no answer came, he went to Solothurn, Switzerland, and freed all his serfs in Poland from villein service. |
|
Many were serfs, who were the personal property of the lord of the manor and worked his land for him. |
|
He confirmed the Bohemian Confession of 1575 and made reference to the nobility, the royal cities and serfs. |
|
In feudal times, slaves, serfs, and peasants were forced to work through different mechanisms, but the coercion and social control they experienced was external to work. |
|
In the east, in Prussia, Poland, Russia, and the eastern provinces of the Habsburg Monarchy, most of the rural population was bound to the soil and their lords as serfs. |
|
As I've already noted, at the lowest levels what we see is a slow but steady change from a countryside populated by slaves to one populated by peasants and serfs. |
|
The previous neatly ordered view of the universe, with the Earth at the centre, reinforced the rigid feudal order with serfs at the bottom and the Pope at the pinnacle. |
|
The nobility were the men who reaped the most benefits from the emancipation of the serfs and the subsequent increase in agricultural productivity. |
|
In the wolf-hunt episode, for instance, we learn that one of the hunters purchased his prize borzoi with three families of serfs. |
|
This one created a loaded play between cops and robbers in the days of knights, princesses and serfs. |
|
How else could fifty serfs use a handful of oxen to plow their fields? |
|
It said the current system of collective ownership had turned peasants into serfs. |
|
|
In feudal times, land taxes had to be paid according to the production capacity of the land given to the farmers, then called serfs. |
|
The land is partly distributed to the serfs. However, half of the village belonged to the city of Plzen until the 2nd half of the 19th century. |
|
He nodded to one of the serfs, who turned and latched the door. |
|
In addition to collecting the inevitable old masters, Count Alexander Stroganov wanted to raise the standards of Russian art by instructing his serfs. |
|
The game grants you omnipotence over an assortment of medieval soldiers, serfs and craftsmen, who are your humble pawns as you bid to establish your reign. |
|
In it Radishchev depicted social conditions as he saw them, particularly the dehumanization of the serfs and the corruption of their masters, warning that these threatened the stability of the existing order. |
|
From the XIth century onwards, the serfs and the bourgeois demanded their emancipation and the first «lettres de communes» were awarded by the king. |
|
Particular attention will be paid to the emancipation of the serfs, the industrialization of Russia, the modernization of government and the Bolshevik revolution. |
|
From a feudal estate, the main revenue of which was the money rent of liegemen and the profit from fish farming, evolved an estate with developing seigniorial economy in manorial farms and with growing workload of serfs. |
|
The bloody-mindedness with which Peter the Great worked to death thousands of Russian serfs and Swedish prisoners-of-war in the making of his city exemplifies centuries of Russian and, later, Soviet despotism. |
|
Instead of returning to France, possibly to live as serfs, they could own land and establish themselves on it with substantial state assistance in the form of livestock and food. |
|
Between the federal government and the provincial government in this country, they've relegated people on the land back to being serfs in a feudal system. |
|
To encourage these unexcited candidates, a first charter was signed, granting such privileges as tax exemption and even freedom to runaway serfs if they would come live there. |
|
After her father's death, she found herself on the ancestral turf adjudicating over marital disputes among local villagers as if they were her serfs. |
|
But governments that keep their serfs down by force prefer to hide it from the world, and the paradox of South Africa is that it is in many ways still an open society. |
|
In the caste system, people become serfs at birth. |
|
Confused by the new ways offered by the CCP, which simultaneously urged liberation of the serfs from the feudal masters while creating alliances with these same masters, they did not join their liberators in large numbers. |
|
Marx argued that 'the cottiers, serfs, bondsmen, tenants for life, cottagers etc. |
|
Napoleon refused to manumit the Russian serfs because of concerns this might provoke a reaction in his army's rear. |
|
The serfs later committed atrocities against French soldiers during France's retreat. |
|
|
The percentage of serfs amongst the peasantry declined from a high of 90 to closer to 50 per cent by the end of the period. |
|
Under the lords were further subjects such as serfs, who were bound and obliged to their lords, and their lords' obligations. |
|
The second opinion holds that the Sunday roast dates back to medieval times, when the village serfs served the squire for six days a week. |
|
The laten were tenants of lands they did not own and might be tied to it in the manner of serfs, but in later times might buy their freedom. |
|
Former slaves merged into the larger body of serfs in Britain and no longer were recognized separately in law or custom. |
|
Judicial rulings from Cracow were routinely flouted, while peasants were heavily taxed and practically tied to the land as serfs. |
|
Slavery remained a minor institution in Russia until 1723, when Peter the Great converted the household slaves into house serfs. |
|
After the Norman Conquest, the law no longer supported chattel slavery and slaves became part of the larger body of serfs. |
|
The effect of this was to turn the previously free Danish peasantry into serfs. |
|
Does he look upon them as a bunch simple serfs who should bow and tug their earth stained forelocks whenever they approach his eminence or any of his bureaucrats? |
|
For five years he lived in poverty on a small country estate, in debt, moreover, because of his exceptional deed of freeing his serfs from part of their villein service. |
|
Urban centres were able to attract serfs with the promise of freedom. |
|
However, tenants always remained free men and the large distances and often scattered ownership meant that they enjoyed much more freedom than continental serfs. |
|
Unlike other civilizations, whose armies had to disband during the planting and harvest seasons, the Spartan serfs or helots, did the manual labor. |
|
As the peasants and serfs lived and worked on farms that they rented from the lord of the manor, they also needed the permission of the lord to marry. |
|
Neither the serfs of early modern East Elbia nor slaves in the colonial South submitted to exploitation by their lords and masters without resistance. |
|
Buddhist monasteries were also engaged in the economy, since their land property and serfs gave them enough revenues to set up mills, oil presses, and other enterprises. |
|
Although the heavy capital investment in horse and armor was a barrier to entry, knighthood became known as a way for serfs to earn their freedom. |
|
Like serfs, however, state peasants were attached to the land they farmed. |
|
Rome's merchants and independent farmers were turned into landless serfs on the latifundia, the vast land monopolies that Rome's oligarchy accumulated. |
|