One common reason for the malformation of fruits, such as asymmetric carambola or pears, is incomplete pollination. |
|
This procedure was repeated on two consecutive days to ensure pollination of open flowers. |
|
Plant two or more rows of the same variety side by side to ensure optimal pollination. |
|
The pollination biology of Aechmea pectinata was studied in a submontane rainforest in south-eastern Brazil. |
|
Microspores cultured in vitro in a rich medium develop into mature pollen grains, which are fertile upon pollination in vivo. |
|
Because self-incompatibility operates after pollination, it reduces geitonogamous self-fertilization but not geitonogamous pollination. |
|
As this type of bee is very important for flower pollination, I think my botanically-inclined readers will enjoy learning more. |
|
Insects such as bees facilitate pollination as they buzz from plant to plant while feeding on nectar or collecting pollen. |
|
The evolution of pollination strategies in epiphytic flowering plants have been strongly influenced by their habitat and spatial distribution. |
|
The emphasis is on horticultural aspects of reproductive biology and pollination ecology. |
|
Minno studied the pollination biology of A. curtissii, but little is known of its autecology. |
|
A number of flowering plants have flowers which are structurally modified for bird pollination. |
|
The glands of the cyathium usually produce nectar, and pollination is mainly zoophilous. |
|
Furthermore, behavioral data reveal that pollen collection commonly is followed by geitonogamous pollination. |
|
However, San Salvador has only two nectarivorous bird species so the pollination of P. bahamensis is constrained by bird species availability. |
|
However, while on paper we should be delighted about this cross-cultural pollination, the reality of it in Bradford is very different. |
|
All previous reports of orchid pollination through pseudocopulation involve solitary wasps or bees. |
|
High temperature conditions commonly cause flower abscission and seed abortion because of pollination failure. |
|
Even so, approximately one-third of orchid species have evolved pollination mechanisms whereby the pollinator receives no reward whatsoever. |
|
For fruit and nut crops, pollination can be a grower's only real chance to increase yield. |
|
|
For this reason, pollination can often fail and the seed not set, due to the fact that the specific pollinator has not visited the plant. |
|
Unusually high temperatures during pollination likely led to some of the problems. |
|
The exact same methods developed by growers of rapeseed can be used to control cross pollination from GM crops. |
|
Artificial pollination was effected by brushing the recipient flower stigmas with stamens from the pollen donors. |
|
In a famous passage of the Origin of Species he described how red clover plants depended upon humble-bees for pollination. |
|
After flower pollination, tiny fruits develop within the syconium, which turns into the ripened fig. |
|
Excessive pollination by fig wasps from a nearby caprifig tree caused the syconium to split open. |
|
Aside from the hydrophilous pollination mechanism, the pollen grain morphology is also very distinct. |
|
Subaqueous pollination, or hydrophily, has been discussed repeatedly in the light of limited success of fertilization in the aqueous medium. |
|
This applies not only to the initial induction of the two pollination regimes on plants, but also to subsequent field and greenhouse experiments. |
|
The nutmeg tree may be either male or female, and in the plantations one male tree is needed to ensure pollination of about a dozen females. |
|
The government has developed a proposed regime for separation distances between crops, to avoid cross pollination or contamination. |
|
Pollen traps also indicate that pollen is shed directly into the air, permitting wind pollination. |
|
Bees occasionally collect olive pollen, but wind is the primary pollination vector. |
|
In only one pollination did a pollen tube appear to enter the ovary, but not the ovule. |
|
In other Magnolia species predominantly pollinated by beetles, pollen shortage or inefficient pollination has been reported. |
|
Usually an average of at least 10 beetles per ear are required to seriously affect pollination. |
|
Honeybees have numerous adaptations helpful to them for effective pollination. |
|
With the corn crop advancing toward pollination, water requirements have increased dramatically. |
|
Placement of honeybee colonies is important in order to ensure adequate pollination. |
|
|
Usually an average count of at least 10 beetles per ear is required to seriously affect pollination. |
|
Despite the abundance of Impatiens species in China, studies of pollination systems and pollination ecology have not been reported. |
|
Treatment O was conducted to examine xenogamy through artificial pollination using pollen from flowers 5 m away, but within the same population. |
|
Some authors recognize anemophily as the principal pollination system for this family, while others indicate entomophily. |
|
In principal, the length of flower anthesis depends on pollination and removal of the pollinium. |
|
Small flowers and red petals suggest pollination by small diptera or lepidoptera, but the flowers do not appear to produce nectar. |
|
A second explanation for the formation of seed in bagged hermaphroditic flowers can be apomixis, the formation of seed without pollination. |
|
Orchids display a vast array of floral morphologies and pollination mechanisms, unparalleled in any other angiosperm family. |
|
Here we describe a new case of pollination by genitalic pseudocopulation in orchids, this time in the genus Lepanthes. |
|
Several pollination syndromes have been suggested to occur within the genus, including anemophily, epihydrophily, and hypohydrophily. |
|
I estimated the amount of autogamous pollination by comparing the stigmatic pollen loads of intact and emasculated flowers. |
|
Pollination used both stored pollen and fresh pollen collected at the time of pollination from the plants whose tassels had remained attached. |
|
During pollination the female portion of the plant receives pollen from the tassel, resulting in fertilization of the ovule. |
|
Corn is tasselling and although it is hot, the high humidity should prevent problems with pollination. |
|
Do biochemical exaptations link evolution of plant defense and pollination systems? |
|
Functionally, flowers are hermaphroditic, protogynous and self-compatible, but substantial seed production requires insect pollination. |
|
Relative to self-pollination, outcross pollination results in greater proportion of flowers setting fruit, and greater proportion of ovules yielding seeds per fruit. |
|
More important, the absence of bees disrupted the pollination cycles of everything from fruit trees to wheat fields. |
|
On the horticultural level, he gives technical descriptions of graftage and cuttage and discusses the role of pollination of date palms and the caprification of fig. |
|
Sugar sprays and attractants have failed to increase pollination. |
|
|
During this period, the species feeds on the nectar and pollen of flowering saguaros and organ pipe cactus, contributing to the successful pollination of these succulents. |
|
Pollen grains are filamentous and pollination is hydrophilous. |
|
The red, ripe fruit originated from pollination with pollen of H. undatus clones, while the green, unripe fruit was from pollination with S. grandiflorus pollen. |
|
The flowers of both sexes appear in late spring or early summer, and pollination occurs thanks to bees, wasps, ants, yellow jackets, and night-flying moths. |
|
After pollination, cones and seed take between 1.5 and 2 years to mature depending upon the elevation and environmental factors such as temperature. |
|
Bats are crucial to the ecosystem, performing extremely valuable jobs like pollination and insect control. |
|
Many blame our increased use of chemical pesticides and herbicides, which honeybees ingest during the pollination process. |
|
That the number of fruitlets formed is less than the number of pollen grains used in artificial pollination experiments might be due to inviability of some pollen grains. |
|
It relies on honey bees and leafcutter bees for pollination. |
|
In addition, as suggested by Leins and Erbar, the zygomorphy of the flowers found in the Lobelias makes them more effective for pollination than actinomorphic flowers. |
|
In contrast, angiosperm have a wealth of pollination methods involving many different agents to transfer pollen, including insects, birds, bats, wind, and water. |
|
The exserted stamens and feathery stigma branches, unique in the family, along with the preference of most species for open habitats, suggests wind pollination. |
|
Such arguments make dollar values of pollination difficult to determine. |
|
In the bagged experiment, fruitlet formation was never observed, suggesting that no agamospermy takes place, and that pollination is critical for fruit set. |
|
The extent of pollination dictates the maximum number of fruits. |
|
O'Connell and Johnston, for example, found that microhabitat characteristics had a larger effect on pollination success in the orchid Cypripedium acaule than floral traits. |
|
Palms show a great diversity in pollination syndrome but are predominantly entomophilous and beetles-pollinated. |
|
Around 500 species of flowering plant rely on bat pollination and thus tend to open their flowers at night. |
|
Some flowers have evolved remarkable means of insect pollination. |
|
White oaks are unable to discriminate against pollination by other species in the same section. |
|
|
All three types or reproductive cycles have a long gap in between pollination and fertilization. |
|
Many deciduous plants flower during the period when they are leafless, as this increases the effectiveness of pollination. |
|
The winged seeds are released when the cones disintegrate at maturity about 6 months after pollination. |
|
Rainforests are said to benefit the most from bat pollination, because of the large variety of plants that depend on it. |
|
After pollination, the sepals and petals fade and wilt, but they usually remain attached to the ovary. |
|
A few cultivars of cucumber are parthenocarpic, the blossoms creating seedless fruit without pollination. |
|
Symptoms of inadequate pollination include fruit abortion and misshapen fruit. |
|
Maize is most sensitive to drought at the time of silk emergence, when the flowers are ready for pollination. |
|
Another important area of symbiosis between carnivorous plants and insects is pollination. |
|
The third stigma is sterile and has developed into the rostellum, a sticky structure that aids in pollination by attaching the pollen to insects. |
|
An estimation of the wildberry crop surplus due to bees' pollination is very difficult. |
|
It's a good thing for bees and for pollination,' says Eric Mussen, a UCCE apiculturist at UC Davis. |
|
Orchid pollinator needs for nectar can increase the pollination of rewardless orchids through pollinator visitation to facilitation plants. |
|
Yes they are also experimenting with mason bees for pollination but it is not as easy to get a hive ready and on the ground as the honeybees. |
|
Seasonal variation in pollination dynamics of sexually dimorphic Sidalcea oregana ssp. |
|
Bumble bee pollination of the sticky catchfly in a fragmented agricultural landscape. |
|
In spite of the fluid phylogeny of extant spermatophytes, it is clear that the pollination mechanism of Ephedra is of ancient origin. |
|
Ephedra species are not obligately insect-pollinated, as wind pollination may also occur at the same time. |
|
It is difficult to achieve pollination in a greenhouse, and most cucurbits need those blooms pollinated. |
|
With highbush blueberry, for example, wild-bee diversity improves ecosystem functions by enhancing pollination in variable climate conditions. |
|
|
More than one third of the fruits and vegetables consumed in the United States depend directly on pollination by honeybees. |
|
Most species undergo submarine pollination and complete their entire life cycle underwater. |
|
Protandry and wind pollination makes maize suitable for maximum cross-pollination. |
|
However, in theory, both species are also capable of insect pollination. |
|
However, the species Eulophia foliosa has adaptation in the cap anther that prevents self-pollination by elaterid beetles, favoring crossed pollination. |
|
Bat pollination is a syndrome essentially from Old World Zingiberales, with the exception of the South American Phenakospermum guyannense pollinated by phyllostomid bats. |
|
Such avocados are parthenocarpic, which means that they develop without the benefit of pollination and fertilization and thus do not contain seeds. |
|
Ovular secretions as part of pollination mechanisms in conifers. |
|
There are two main types of fly pollination, myophily and sapromyophily. |
|
When pollination occurs, the flower parts immediately senesce and dry. |
|
Outcross pollination is beneficial as it increases genetic diversity. |
|
Most cucumber cultivars, however, are seeded and require pollination. |
|
Each time pollination succeeds, thousands of ovules can be fertilized. |
|
The seeds are mature in autumn about four months after pollination. |
|
To this end, some developers use plants like rice and safflower that self-pollinate, reducing the risk of contaminating nonpharma plants by wind and insect pollination. |
|
Female strobili emerge followed by pollination in the following spring. |
|
Some pollen grains will land on a female cone for pollination. |
|
This is beneficial to them in terms of pollination and feeding. |
|
According to Malerbo-Souza et al, maize is a monoecious, with unisexual male and female flowers on the same individual and is characterized by anemophilus pollination. |
|