| Genetic differentiation among populations is principally a function of gene flow among populations via pollen and seed dispersal. |
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| The next chapter gives excellent coverage of biosafety issues such as allergens and gene flow with considerable literature references. |
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| On the other hand, red sea bream had large gene flow and small genetic differentiation. |
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| There are increasing concerns about the risks of gene flow from transgenic cultivars to conspecific weeds. |
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| Unlike maize, rice is predominantly autogamous and, hence, gene flow is restricted. |
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| In the classic case of allopatric speciation, gene flow is eliminated completely because of a geographic barrier. |
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| The ability of many different waterfowl species to hybridize raises a number of important issues about geographic structure and gene flow. |
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| Several measures are proposed to control genetic erosion through uncontrolled gene flow. |
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| The analogy emerges that some hybrid zones act as semipermeable membranes that provide a conduit for gene flow at some loci and restrict it at others. |
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| Isolation distances should minimise but not necessarily eliminate gene flow by pollen transfer. |
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| Soy self-pollinates, which means it is less prone to gene flow than crops that cross-pollinate. |
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| There is measurable gene flow between the lake and the outlet that may effectively limit the range of the outlet population. |
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| They conclude that sympatric speciation is possible, but only when there is some kind of environmental heterogeneity that is sufficient to interfere with gene flow. |
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| Their nearly precise homing to natal streams restricts gene flow among fish at different spawning locations. |
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| This mating pattern forces a one-way gene flow from monogynous to polygynous colonies. |
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| There are other mechanisms for this gene flow and contamination and ramifications to occur. |
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| So there is interbreeding and gene flow among the populations and, thus, some overlap of loci. |
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| Low level of gene flow has negligible consequences for the purity of seed and grain. |
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| The forces of natural selection, mutations, genetic drift and gene flow can change the relative frequencies of genes over time. |
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| This form is rare since even a small amount of gene flow may remove genetic differences between parts of a population. |
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| Arguably, they might be considered distinct species, with gene flow having ceased at least a million years ago, but probably more. |
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| Despite its wide range, however, little gene flow occurs across certain natural barriers, such as the Strait of Gibraltar or the Bosphorus. |
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| References for gene flow and transgenic crops. |
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| Pollen dispersal, independent of its ability to facilitate vertical gene flow, has been addressed in many studies related to human health, especially pollinosis. |
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| As a result, the Kaplan project was initiated at the workshop in 2002. The aim of the project was to assess levels of biodiversity, species range and gene flow in abyssal nodule provinces. |
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| The present report summarizes the results of a joint project of the International Seabed Authority with the J. M. Kaplan Fund to study biodiversity, species range and gene flow in the abyssal Pacific nodule province. |
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| According to the EPA, more research is needed to study Bt protein accumulation in soils, the risks posed to nontarget organisms, and the likelihood of gene flow from Bt crops to wild relatives. |
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| This shows that corridors, yes, do maintain some gene flow. |
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| It studied temporal and spatial gene flow from GMOs across Europe in both seed and crop production systems in order to determine appropriate coexistence measures. |
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| Eventually, as geographic distance or environmental differences grow to severely limit gene flow, the spawning groups will function as separate lineages. |
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| Physical fragmentation can lead to habitat loss at the local level and to loss of a population's connectivity and gene flow at the landscape level. |
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| Improved understanding of the role of pollen in gene flow and dispersal. |
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| This is an important first step to examine pattern, level, rate and direction of gene flow between the two species and better inform conservation activities. |
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| Hydroelectric development and flood control dams cause habitat fragmentation and alter habitat conditions, resulting in restricted movements of individual fish and limited gene flow between populations. |
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| However, with increasing commercial cultivation and genetically modified crops in the EU and imports of genetically modified food and feed, adventitious presence through gene flow and admixture becomes unavoidable. |
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| This is called the gene flow, because genes may be dispersed by wind, insects or animals over a distance of up to 10 kilometres, according to certain evaluations. |
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| The project aims to quantify the range and extent of movement and gene flow among populations and measure the interactions between wild, stocked, and escaped fish. |
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| The Rocky Mountain Corridor is essential in maintaining a healthy gene flow among wolves between Canada and the United States, and a stretch of connected wilderness across North America. |
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| Mechanisms that can lead to changes in allele frequencies include natural selection, genetic drift, genetic hitchhiking, mutation and gene flow. |
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| The presence or absence of gene flow fundamentally changes the course of evolution. |
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| Instead, speciation results from the evolution of mechanisms that reduce gene flow between the two populations. |
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| Speciation depends on a measure of reproductive isolation, a reduced gene flow. |
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| This high frequency may suggest some gene flow between ancestral human and Neanderthal populations due to mating between the two. |
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| Some degree of gene flow is normal adaptation and not all gene and genotype constellations can be preserved. |
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| It has been speculated that in the Near East, hare populations are intergrading and experiencing gene flow. |
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| It is however possible that restricted gene flow could reduce genetic diversity within populations that become isolated. |
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| Some degree of gene flow is a normal evolutionary process, nevertheless, hybridization threatens the existence of rare species. |
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| No evidence for gene flow in the direction from modern humans to Neanderthals was found. |
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| Rather than absorption of the Neanderthal population, this gene flow appears to have been of limited duration and limited extent. |
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| The Sumgayit region also acts as an ecological sink, with levels of gene flow into the region exceeding gene flow out of the region. |
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| Changes in gene frequency brought about by random genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection lead to the evolution of populations. |
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| Secondly, by reducing domestic gene flow, wild populations would continue to evolve within their contemporary environment. |
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| These differences in mobility could have had significant effects on the gene flow within and between populations. |
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| Instead, geographic barriers to gene flow leading to microendemism in the region may be generating a unique pattern among haplotypes, as discussed below. |
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| Natural hybridisation presents a challenge to the concept of a reproductively isolated species, as fertile hybrids permit gene flow between two populations. |
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| If these patches are distant and small, gene flow is reduced, habitat is altered, edge effects occur, and more opportunities for invasive species to intrude occur. |
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| Despite the constant introduction of new variation through mutation and gene flow, most of the genome of a species is identical in all individuals of that species. |
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| Government researchers monitored the gene flow from Bayer's herbicide-resistant GM oilseed rape to related wild plants during farm-scale evaluations of GM crops. |
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| Hybridization can provide a mechanism for gene flow between species, particularly if hybrids are interfertile with parental species and do not suffer reduced fitness. |
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| Acknowledging the distinction problematizes both the explanandum of species cohesion and the explanans of gene flow that are central to the view discussed here. |
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| The exact reason for this separation is unknown, as the geographic divide itself should not account for a lack of gene flow between the two populations. |
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| Two studies have shown that many of the gene flow claims made by those opposed to GM technology have been over exaggerated, it was claimed yesterday. |
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| Gene flow is the transfer of recombinant DNA incorporated in genetically modified plants into wild populations. |
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| Gene flow is the exchange of genes between populations and between species. |
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| Gene flow may slow this process by spreading the new genetic variants also to the other populations. |
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| Gene flow appears to be biased towards males, but overall populations are matrilineally structured. |
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| Gene Tec's Gene Flow chambers for hybridizing and washing glass slide microarrays are another patented technology coming out soon. |
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