Technologically, strong land fortifications ease the security dilemma, and highly accurate but vulnerable nuclear weapons exacerbate it. |
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Over the next few years, millions of tons of cement and steel were used to build defensive fortifications. |
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It proved to be a Bronze Age culture, its economy well developed and prosperous but with no defensive fortifications to protect it. |
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Another mortar blast struck a tree looking down over the trenches, scattering fragments of shrapnel all down into the fortifications. |
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Improved protective designs for field fortifications and base camps have been developed for field forces. |
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We encountered many of them during the walk, along with the plethora of round Martello tower fortifications and Jersey's impressive castles. |
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He knew how to cut off water to besieged fortifications, and how to construct bridges, mantlets, scaling ladders, and other instruments. |
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Braunau in 1889 has medieval fortifications and broken Gothic arches limned with moonlight. |
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When the Prussians withdrew in 1867, the fortifications were larger than the city of Luxembourg. |
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This timeframe would be used to bolster beach fortifications and supply depots. |
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However, the very lack of distance had been identified by the Germans and they had built massive fortifications all around the area. |
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He worked for much of the time as an engineer, working on the fortifications of various cities. |
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Hair streaming in the wind, cloak rippling out behind him and eyes flashing, he bore down upon the fortifications. |
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He built and strengthened fortifications on the coast with a view to protecting the outer flank of the State from invasions from the sea. |
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He did so, promptly, blasting his way through any walls or fortifications he came across. |
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It was built about 1370 as part of the fortifications on the east wall of the city. |
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They scurried to plant batteries, dig trenches and strengthen their fortifications. |
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Examples of less ambitious fortifications abound, like the concrete pillboxes, often hexagonal, which dot southern England. |
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Intelligence on the strength of enemy units, location of encampments, and designs of fortifications was almost nil. |
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A howitzer is a field artillery piece, used primarily to attack enemy personnel, fortifications, and artillery emplacements. |
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When I was a kid, high walled fortifications were virtually impenetrable to infantry or cavalry. |
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Indeed, mainland Scotland boasts some very unusual prehistoric fortifications, built like towers without mortar, and known as brochs. |
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To prevent such an assault, defenders were forced to attack the siege engines or their operators to prevent a breach in their fortifications. |
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His fortifications at Bunker Hill set a standard of service for engineers that continues to this day. |
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They quickly improved trade and commerce on the islands by building new hospitals and erecting strong fortifications. |
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There are also remains of old castles and medieval fortifications and magnificent examples of rural homesteads. |
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France and Britain are not the only places where the cultural Left has occupied the strongpoints and besieges the inner fortifications. |
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By this time, they had gained control over all the bastions, strongholds and fortifications surrounding the city. |
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In the early 920s Edward the Elder recovered the town, and built fortifications and a connecting bridge. |
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Mortars were originally developed for siege warfare to lob munitions over walls and other fortifications. |
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The enemy would be checked by a series of hinterland fortifications while the field army closed in. |
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The wall is part of the castle fortifications and if the weather is warm enough to use the terrace you can hear the piper on the ramparts. |
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Probably most agricultural societies in world history built defensive fortifications of wood. |
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Furthermore, illegal fortifications violate the DMZ virtually to the centerline. |
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The use of rifle, machine-gun, and artillery fire combined with engineer structures, field fortifications and counterstrokes made defense impenetrable for an attacking force. |
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The Romans also developed tunnelling for military purposes, either by breaking through behind enemy defences or by undermining fortifications to cause their collapse. |
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The Medieval walls without flanks and terreplein to resist gunpowder bombardment were easy prey to the besiegers and the fortifications soon succumbed. |
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He now had more time than before to devote to his study of astronomy, having an observatory in the rooms in which he lived in one of the towers in the town's fortifications. |
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The triple line of fortifications constructed on the land side in the fifth century had held off attacks by Goths, Persians, Avars, Bulgars, Russians, and especially Arabs. |
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For an American fighter pilot, however, ISIS convoys and fortifications look like great things to bomb. |
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The fortifications surrounding the wall will be some 100 metres wide. |
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It was not a castle, did not need moats or peel towers, and had no fortifications, unless the owner in the late 18th cent. had a taste for mock Gothic and battlements. |
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Then came the exposure of the population to the threat of piracy, a scourge which the Spanish tried to counteract throughout their viceroyalties with fortifications. |
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Equally important is establishing the supply lines of wood and stone essential for more sophisticated buildings and stronger castle fortifications. |
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Despite its neutrality, Belgium was attacked by the Germans in 1914 in order to circumvent the French fortifications along the Franco-German border. |
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Later, he began building model castles, surrounded by fortified emplacements, and he spent hours studying the virtually impregnable fortifications of Vauban. |
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The fortifications of the citadel date to the Late Helladic period. |
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Earth and timber fortifications were hastily erected, whether in motte-and-bailey or in ringwork form, in new areas during the eleventh and twelfth centuries. |
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Illegally constructed fortifications, called adulterine castles, had sprung up across much of the country. |
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This was followed by the construction of Caernarfon Castle, one of the largest and most imposing fortifications built by the English in Wales. |
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The present city of Caernarfon grew up around and owes its name to its Norman and late Medieval fortifications. |
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In the area a medieval tower was built and, like nearby 18th century and 19th century fortifications, it may have served as a lookout post. |
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Building work on all the fortifications had ceased by 1330, without Caernarfon and Beaumaris having been fully completed. |
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The fortifications played an important part in the conflicts in North Wales over the coming centuries. |
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Traces of fortifications from that time have been found on the coast, and some of the stone is kept in the Maritime Museum. |
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Its importance as a waterway in the Holy Roman Empire is supported by the many castles and fortifications built along it. |
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The continued English hold on Calais however depended on expensively maintained fortifications, as the town lacked any natural defences. |
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During the 1930s, the French had built the Maginot Line, fortifications along the border with Germany. |
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The state of training was also unbalanced, with the majority of personnel trained only to man static fortifications. |
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Despite the French surrender of the main fortifications, the British held the docks until the morning of 27 May. |
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Of the 58 major fortifications on the Maginot Line, just 10 were captured by the Wehrmacht in battle. |
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Calais is built on low ground with low sand dunes on either side and is enclosed by fortifications. |
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The fortifications were again enlarged, including the construction of a belfry daymark. |
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During the 1930s, the French had constructed the Maginot Line, a series of fortifications along their border with Germany. |
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Surrounded by marshes, Dunkirk boasted old fortifications and the longest sand beach in Europe, where large groups could assemble. |
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The Germans transported over 16,000 slave workers to the Channel Islands to build fortifications. |
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Light railways were built in Jersey and Guernsey to supply coastal fortifications. |
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They decided to bypass the Channel Islands due to their heavy fortifications described above. |
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The Ivatan people of the northern islands of Batanes often built fortifications to protect themselves during times of war. |
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These fortifications were likened to European castles because of their purpose. |
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The fortifications of these settlements were continuously improved to reflect the current level of military development. |
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The result was star shaped fortifications with tier upon tier of hornworks and bastions, of which Fort Bourtange is an excellent example. |
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However, there are some modern fortifications that are referred to as forts. |
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Surviving elements of the fortifications and castle date to the medieval period, and the Church of St James dates back to the 12th century. |
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Fulk returned from the Levant and demanded that Henry return Matilda and her dowry, a range of estates and fortifications in Maine. |
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The onset of the First World War saw an increase in fortifications on the seafront. |
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FitzOsbern also created or improved fortifications in the towns of Hereford and Shrewsbury. |
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The outnumbered Russian Baltic Fleet confined its movements to the areas around its fortifications. |
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Commodore, and ranged a line from the eastermost part of the fortifications to the outer part of the harbour. |
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The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647 and they were levelled by Parliament the same year. |
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During his time in the east he also expanded the Limes Arabicus, building new fortifications in the Arabian Desert from Basie to Dumata. |
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This is evidenced by extensive Severan era fortifications in the Central Lowlands. |
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He won a victory in the war and extended his control over the region, as remains of camps and fortifications in the region indicate. |
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The size of the burhs ranged from tiny outposts such as Pilton to large fortifications in established towns, the largest being at Winchester. |
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However, Saladin insisted on the razing of Ascalon's fortifications, which Richard's men had rebuilt, and a few other points. |
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All the houses and fortifications had been dismantled, which meant that their departure had not been hurried. |
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An important fortification effort ensued in different fortifications at both sides of the Atlantic, notably in Cartagena or Portobelo. |
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Over the years, Portsmouth's fortifications were rebuilt and improved by successive monarchs. |
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The southern waterfront of the city is dominated by a series of fortifications including the Round Tower, the Square Tower, and Southsea Castle. |
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The Hilsea Lines are a series of defunct fortifications on the north coast of the island which border Portsbridge Creek and the mainland. |
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By the end of the 16th century the triumphal arch had become closely linked with court theatre, state pageantry and military fortifications. |
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Stockade fortifications were simple forms of defence of military camps or settlements, used since ancient Roman times and earlier. |
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Castles differed from earlier fortifications in that they were generally private fortified residences. |
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The new fortifications were first tested in October 1191, when the Tower was besieged for the first time in its history. |
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One of the effects of the Livonian Crusade in the Baltic was the introduction of stone and brick fortifications. |
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At the same time, French castle architecture came to the fore and led the way in the field of medieval fortifications. |
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With developments such as these, Italy pioneered permanent artillery fortifications, which took over from the defensive role of castles. |
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Many of these buildings have a history of over 1000 years, ranging from fortifications to royal residences. |
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However, with the arrival of gunpowder and cannons by the time of Henry VI, fortifications like castles became increasingly obsolete. |
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This in turn led to a steady flow of new recruits and the wealth to maintain multiple fortifications across the Outremer. |
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Many Spaniards, initially refugees from the Spanish Civil War, were brought to the islands to build fortifications. |
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During this time the Germans constructed many fortifications using Soviet slave labour. |
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He mainly used old Roman cities for his burhs, as he was able to rebuild and reinforce their existing fortifications. |
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Butler returned to England in 1640, satisfied that the fortifications were adequate, deputizing the governorship to Captain Andrew Carter. |
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Many of the Islands of the Forth and southern Orkneys have fortifications from the two world wars. |
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In the later 19th century, there were major investments in improving the fortifications and the port. |
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The military history of the island has left a number of fortifications, including Castle Cornet, Fort Grey. |
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Guernsey loophole towers and a large collection of German fortifications with a number of museums. |
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The US Government began to construct fortifications just south of the border at Rouses Point on Lake Champlain. |
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The collection of fortifications known as the Great Wall of China has historically had a number of different names in both Chinese and English. |
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Maginot Line fortifications were manned by specialist units of fortress infantry, artillery and engineers. |
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Two telephone wires were placed parallel to the line of fortifications, providing redundancy in the event of a wire getting cut. |
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As an ally of France, they were able to get advice on the Maginot design and apply it to Czechoslovak border fortifications. |
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Nevertheless, Maxime Weygand signed the surrender instrument and the army was ordered out of their fortifications, to be taken to POW camps. |
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A number of old fortifications have now been turned into wine cellars, a mushroom farm and even a disco. |
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In the second half of the 19th century, the fortifications around the city became a major problem. |
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The upper reaches of the Forth were protected by new fortifications on Inchgarvie. |
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The Gask Ridge is the modern name given to an early series of fortifications, built by the Romans in Scotland, close to the Highland Line. |
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In the 1990s researchers discovered new possible Roman fortifications north of Inverness and the Moray Firth. |
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The fortifications on the coast of Cumbria, which were erected later, were intended to prevent the Wall being circumvented in the West. |
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The fortifications and towers were strengthened and other buildings such as the Principia were repaired. |
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Most of the wall and its associated fortifications have been destroyed over time, but some remains are still visible. |
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The inner keep at Beaugency is one of the few surviving fortifications from Joan's campaigns. |
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The fortifications at Leith, Inchkeith and Dunbar Castle were duly removed, and the French garrisons left Scotland. |
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The fortifications continued to play a strategic military role during the 18th century Jacobite Risings. |
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The city of Luxembourg itself is on the UNESCO World Heritage List, on account of the historical importance of its fortifications. |
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The peace agreement required the Dacians to cede some territory to the Romans and to demolish their fortifications. |
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As part of the demilitarisation of the Rhineland, the city's fortifications had to be dismantled. |
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It cannot even be absolutely certain when the frontier laid out by Pius was equipped with the manpitts and other special fortifications. |
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To handle and avoid any threats posed by the Turks, the Sui government repaired fortifications and received their trade and tribute missions. |
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He strengthened fortifications, restored aqueducts, and rebuilt many churches. |
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His first care was practical, to reinforce the city's fortifications, cleaning and even paving some main streets and restoring the water supply. |
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In addition, the river was heavily defended with fortifications since the Middle Ages. |
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It urged moving forward with the largest possible fleet to demand their release, and gave details of the fortifications. |
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French engineers constructed fortifications for the Thais and built a new palace at Lopburi for Narai. |
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Consequently, fortifications were also set up in Taiwan and the Maluku islands. |
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Many of the historic fortifications are part of San Juan National Historic Site. |
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These examples of medieval Spanish fortifications were built to defend the city from attacks by pirates and privateers. |
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It seems the natives attacked and killed about 35 settlers before the Frenchmen could retreat behind their fortifications. |
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Kazan finally fell on 2 October, its fortifications were razed, and much of the population massacred. |
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In addition to Zasechnaya cherta, innovative fortifications were set beyond the River Oka that defined the border. |
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Hale emphasizes the defensive strength of fortifications newly designed at angles to dissipate cannon fire. |
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Other than fortifications, this was the first stone building in Bermuda, built to house the Parliament. |
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A log builder builds structures of stacked, horizontal logs including houses, barns, churches, fortifications, and more. |
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The actual removal of fortifications only happened in the 1860s, allowing the creation of large boulevards and other urban projects. |
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The Battle of New Orleans was an American victory, as the British failed to take the fortifications on the East Bank. |
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In the vicinity are fragments of the old road and three ruins of former fortifications. |
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Defenders of north Italy have had to control it since ancient times, as the various fortifications placed there testify. |
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However, once they left their fortifications, he led his best troops up to their fortifications and seized control of the pass. |
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The town grows like Topsy after the railway age begins. The fortifications are now quite useless since the city has outgrown them. |
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Aethelflaed's burh building was matched by her brother, who used his fortifications as bases to take back territory. |
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Trebuchets use a counter balance system to hurl large rocks and stones at such a force they could breach the strongest fortifications. |
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They began construction of a series of fortifications to protect the area. |
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Perhaps because the castle has become the most familiar type of fortification, many sites of fortifications earlier than the 10th century have become known as castles. |
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By the 16th century the role of fortifications had changed once more with the development of artillery capable of breaching even thick stone walls. |
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Seven thousand pounds was spent on fortifications, but on the appearance of parliamentary forces the gates were thrown open and the city surrendered. |
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The Americans discovered the new base at Nottawasaga Bay, and on August 13, they destroyed its fortifications and the schooner Nancy that they found there. |
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Jackson's army of 1,000 regulars and 3,000 to 4,000 militia, pirates and other fighters, as well as civilians and slaves built fortifications south of the city. |
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Of the outer fortifications there remains a brick gateway, with Gothic arch carrying a high machicolated tower, connected to which is a fragment of the wall. |
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From around the beginning of the 3rd century, the importance of the Hangu Pass was reduced, with the major fortifications and military bases moved upriver to Tongguan. |
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Napoleon spent time as inspector of coastal fortifications on the Mediterranean coast near Marseille while he was waiting for confirmation of the Army of Italy post. |
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At first, the campaign went badly, as Cromwell's men were short of supplies and held up at fortifications manned by Scottish troops under David Leslie. |
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These fortifications allowed Normans to retreat into safety when threatened with rebellion and allowed garrisons to be protected while they occupied the countryside. |
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I had gazed upon the fortifications and impediments that seemed to keep human beings from entering the citadel of nature, and rashly and ignorantly I had repined. |
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On 11 April, Howard's force arrived off Brest only to see a small enemy force join with the larger force in the safety of Brest harbour and its fortifications. |
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The Antarctic Treaty prohibits any military activity in Antarctica, including the establishment of military bases and fortifications, military manoeuvres, and weapons testing. |
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Many historical fortifications were demolished during the modern age, but a considerable number survive as popular tourist destinations and prominent local landmarks today. |
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In the 1930s and 1940s, some fortifications were built with designs taking into consideration the new threat of aerial warfare, for example Fort Campbell in Malta. |
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During Muhammad's era in Arabia, many tribes made use of fortifications. |
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The fortifications were continuously being expanded and improved. |
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Before withdrawing the fortifications of Ile d'Aix were demolished. |
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Many of these settlements had fortifications and planned streets. |
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Many of the fortifications of the ancient world were built with mud brick, often leaving them no more than mounds of dirt for today's archaeologists. |
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Permanent fortifications are erected at leisure, with all the resources that a state can supply of constructive and mechanical skill, and are built of enduring materials. |
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City walls are fortifications but are not necessarily called fortresses. |
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The concentrated fire from the enemy destroyed our fortifications. |
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The abandoned German equipment and fortifications posed a serious safety risk and there were many accidents after the occupation resulting in several deaths. |
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Adolf Hitler placed German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in charge of developing fortifications all along the Atlantic Wall in anticipation of an invasion. |
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While they were aware that the German tank and infantry formations were strong, they were confident in their strong fortifications and artillery superiority. |
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During the Hundred Years' War, the Kingdom of England made repeated assaults on the island but were unable to seize it due to the abbey's improved fortifications. |
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The island has held strategic fortifications since ancient times and since the 8th century AD has been the seat of the monastery from which it draws its name. |
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In the absence of these fortifications, the population of Cherbourg attended to the destruction of the three ships of Admiral Tourville at the end of the Battle of La Hogue. |
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In the face of English threats, Richard III of Normandy strengthened the fortifications of the castle at the same time as those of the other major strongholds of Cotentin. |
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The fortifications were in some regards simply too big, and as historian Michael Prestwich notes, smaller projects might actually have been more effective. |
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Edwards's fortifications were tested in 1294 when Madog ap Llywelyn rebelled against English rule, the first major insurrection since the conquest. |
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The first fortifications at Caernarfon were built by the Romans. |
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The fortifications approximately follow the boundary between Scotland's fertile Lowlands and mountainous Highlands, in Perth and Kinross and Angus. |
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His raid on Cherbourg in August 1758 proved to be the most successful of the descents, as he burnt ships and munitions and destroyed the fortifications of the town. |
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Later, mortar and plaster were used, especially in the construction of city walls, castles, and other fortifications before and during the Middle Ages. |
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The main fortifications of the line were still mostly intact, a number of commanders were prepared to hold out, and the Italian advance had been successfully contained. |
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As the line was surrounded, the German Army attacked a few ouvrages from the rear, but were unsuccessful in capturing any significant fortifications. |
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Especially around the year 300, the Emperor Diocletian had new fortifications built directly on the river banks or on major roads in the hinterland here. |
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Around 370 AD, the line of fortifications was considerably strengthened under the Emperor Valentinian I to counter the Alemanni who were steadily advancing southwards. |
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Although Han fortifications such as Yumen Pass and the Yang Pass exist further west, the extant walls leading to those passes are difficult to trace. |
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These commercial connections enriched Rus' merchants and princes, funding military forces and the construction of churches, palaces, fortifications, and further towns. |
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Mercenaries were expensive, however, and as the threat of invasion receded in the 10th century, so did the need for maintaining large garrisons and expensive fortifications. |
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Unlike the earlier fortifications, the Ming construction was stronger and more elaborate due to the use of bricks and stone instead of rammed earth. |
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In the Bruges area, the first fortifications were built after Julius Caesar's conquest of the Menapii in the first century BC, to protect the coastal area against pirates. |
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The citadel walls that crown the hill, on the slopes of which the modern city descends amphitheatrically into the sea, are remnants of Venetian fortifications. |
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Covered by naval bombardment, the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing, captured Cherbourg, and destroyed its fortifications, docks, and shipping. |
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They were sent ashore to assess damage to Turkish fortifications after bombardment by British and French ships and, if necessary, to complete their destruction. |
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Other Royal Marines acted as landing parties in the Naval campaign against the Turkish fortifications in the Dardanelles before the Gallipoli landing. |
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To prevent similar German attacks in the future, France later built a massive series of fortifications along the German border known as the Maginot Line. |
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More active were Makassar people from Sulawesi island, who had built fortifications on Buru and forced the natives to grow valuable spices, such as clove. |
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These reconnaissance planes were used to direct gunnery and photograph enemy fortifications but now the Allies were nearly blinded by German fighters. |
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Instead of continuing his pursuit, Howe decided to lay siege to the heights, claiming he wanted to spare his men's lives from an assault on the Patriot fortifications. |
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His lecture notes for instructing platoon members include advice on street fighting, field fortifications, and the use of mortars of various kinds. |
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He took an enormous amount of booty, as well as landing his privateers ashore and attacking land fortifications, including the sack of the city of Panama with only 1,400 crew. |
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Peace terms called for the dismantling of the city's fortifications. |
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However, while castles proliferated in the 9th and 10th centuries the link between periods of insecurity and building fortifications is not always straightforward. |
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The earliest fortifications originated in the Fertile Crescent, the Indus Valley, Egypt, and China where settlements were protected by large walls. |
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Like shiro, the Indian forts, durga or durg in Sanskrit, shared features with castles in Europe such as acting as a domicile for a lord as well as being fortifications. |
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The fortifications of Qashliq before the battle were deteriorating. |
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Even so, this was not sufficient to bring the castle up to the standard of contemporary military fortifications which were designed to withstand powerful artillery. |
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