This creamy artichoke and asiago cheese dip is only slightly less garlicky than the caesar salad. |
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Following Galerius' recognition of Constantine as caesar, Constantine's portrait was brought to Rome, as was customary. |
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After the victory, Maximinus took the title Germanicus Maximus, raised his son Maximus to the rank of caesar and princeps iuventutis, and deified his late wife Paulina. |
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Philip had unsuccessfully asked Pope Celestine III to release him from his oath, was declined, forcing this caesar of France to build his own casus belli. |
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Din-din devouring toddler Ben was also pleased with his cherry tomato caesar salad with garlic ciabatta, which contained plenty of crunchy croutons and ripe tomatoes. |
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There went out a decree from Caesar Augustus that all the world should be taxed. |
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They begin with flammkuchen or smoked salmon and continue with a cream soup or a Caesar salad. |
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My companion's Caesar salad, garlickier than most versions, featured homemade croutons. |
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I had sausage eggs and a hash-brown with ketchup while the man and woman had Caesar salads. |
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The first known were commissioned in 44 BC by Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. |
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In 55 BC Julius Caesar invaded, claiming that the Britons had aided the Veneti against him the previous year. |
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Caesar wrote about Ambiorix in his commentary about his battles against the Gauls, De Bello Gallico. |
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Caesar was on the coast on 1 September, from where he wrote a letter to Cicero. |
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No one had had any experience of an emperor like Commodus, a Caesar born to the purple. |
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So the circuit or compass of Ireland is 1,800 miles, which is 200 less than Caesar doth reckon or account. |
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Meanwhile, Wanger's wish list for the film's coleads included Sir Laurence Olivier as Julius Caesar and Richard Burton as Mark Antony. |
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However, Caesar grabbed a shield, made his way to the front line, and quickly organised his forces. |
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Caesar asserts they had first crossed the channel as raiders, only later establishing themselves on the island. |
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Sabinus, claiming he was descended from Julius Caesar, declared himself Emperor of Gaul. |
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The first notable militia in French history was the resistance of the Gauls to invasion by the Romans until they were defeated by Julius Caesar. |
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In the time of Caesar, southern Germany was Celtic, but coming under pressure from Germanic groups led by the Suebi. |
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In addition, also near the Hercynian forest Caesar believed that the Celtic Tectosages had once lived. |
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Caesar noted that rather than grain crops, they spent time on husbandry and hunting. |
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Caesar on the other hand saw himself and Rome as an ally and defender of the Aedui. |
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Caesar defeated Ariovistus in battle, forcing him to escape across the Rhine. |
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Caesar moved back across the bridge and broke it down, stating that he had achieved his objective of warning the Suebi. |
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The name came into use after Julius Caesar and whether it was used widely before him amongst Romans is unknown. |
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Caesar described the cultural differences between the Germanic tribesmen, the Romans, and the Gauls. |
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The Treveri had a strong cavalry and infantry, and during the Gallic Wars would provide Julius Caesar with his best cavalry. |
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Caesar claimed that the name of the Eburones was wiped out after their failed revolt against his forces during the Gallic Wars. |
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In the following year Caesar entered the country of the Eburones, and Ambiorix fled before him. |
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Caesar says that he wanted to annihilate the Eburones and their name, and indeed we hear no more of the Eburones. |
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At other times, Caesar more clearly divides Belgic Gaul into the Belgae and another smaller group called the Germani. |
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Caesar later added the Segni to the list of tribes among the Belgae who went by the name of the Germani. |
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Some of the Germani who Caesar mentions did stay in Gaul under its new Roman overlords. |
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Archaeological evidence of the earlier migrations mentioned by Caesar has been hard to find. |
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Already during the Gallic Wars of Caesar, tribes of Germanic people were raiding over the Rhine, and many were eventually settled there. |
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Caesar claimed that the Belgae generally had received immigration from Germanic people from east of the Rhine. |
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Julius Caesar considered the Nervii to be the most warlike of the Belgic tribes, and that the Belgic tribes were the bravest in Gaul. |
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Caesar promised mercy if the Aduatuci surrendered, so the Aduatuci opened their gates and made show of laying down some weapons. |
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Caesar kept his word that evening by sending Roman troops out of the Aduatuci city to avoid looting and violence against the Aduatuci. |
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The survivors of the people who fought Caesar are therefore likely to have joined into the tribal grouping known in imperial times as the Tungri. |
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Understandably the starving Eburones were reluctant to do so and Caesar ordered that camps be built near the Eburones' villages. |
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Because a drought had disrupted his grain supply, Caesar was forced to winter his legions among the rebellious Belgic tribes. |
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After a long while, a Roman messenger was finally able to slip through the Belgic lines and get word of the uprising to Caesar. |
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Caesar personally remained in Gaul for the remainder of winter due to the renewed Gallic threat. |
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When the Roman senate heard what had happened, Caesar swore to put down all the Belgic tribes. |
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Tullius Cicero, then stationed with a legion in the territory of the Nervii, failed due to the timely appearance of Caesar. |
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Caesar relates that census accounts written in the Greek alphabet were found among the Helvetii. |
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He received no triumph on his return and did not apparently run for the consulship, but he did marry Julia, the aunt of Julius Caesar. |
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The loyalty of such legions is what allowed Marius himself, Sulla, and about 40 years later Marius' nephew Julius Caesar to march on Rome itself. |
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Burebista's Dacian state was powerful enough to threaten Rome, and Caesar contemplated campaigning against the Dacians. |
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Caesar wrote on the Civil Wars that the soldiers from the Second Legion had become Hispanicized and regarded themselves as hispanicus. |
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The boni intended to prosecute Caesar for abuse of his authority upon his return, when he would lay down his imperium. |
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By winning the support of the people, Caesar sought to make himself unassailable from the boni. |
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In the Commentarii de Bello Gallico Caesar mentions several leaders of the Gallic tribes. |
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Another major action taken by Diviciacus was his imploring of Caesar to take action against the Germans and their leader, Ariovistus. |
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By defining the German culture as barbaric in these passages, Caesar hopes to justify his conquest of the Germans in the eyes of his readers. |
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Caesar spent a great amount of time in Gaul and is one of the best preserved accounts of the Druids from an author who was in Gaul. |
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Caesar provides his account of the Druids as a means of sharing his knowledge and educating the Roman people on the foreign conquests. |
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Caesar uses this anecdote to illustrate the courage and bravery of his soldiers. |
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Thus, Caesar turns a horrifying military blunder into a positive propaganda story. |
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It is commonly noted that Caesar never mentions penalties being dealt to hostages. |
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One example is having Caesar talk about himself in the third person as in the book. |
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A form of sacrifice recorded by Caesar was the burning alive of victims in a large wooden effigy, now often known as a wicker man. |
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Caesar noted the druidic doctrine of the original ancestor of the tribe, whom he referred to as Dispater, or Father Hades. |
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According to Caesar, many young men were trained to be druids, during which time they had to learn all the associated lore by heart. |
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Sean Dunham suggested that Caesar had simply taken the Roman religious functions of senators and applied them to the druids. |
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Caesar does not say what the cause of the conflict was, but the Sequani controlled access to the Rhine river along the valley of the Doubs. |
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Caesar makes it clear that Germanic tribes were actually in the land of the Sequani and terrorising them. |
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Otherwise he, Caesar, acting in accordance with the decrees of the senate, could not let the harassment of the Aedui go unpunished. |
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Ridiculing Rome's ability to protect its friends and boasting of Germanic invincibility, Ariovistus invited Caesar to attack him if he wished. |
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Caesar called a meeting and then berated the centurions for making that necessary instead of just following orders. |
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Caesar says that he took a detour to stay in open country, most likely west of the Doubs, through the lands of his Celtic allies. |
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Ariovistus sent ambassadors to Caesar agreeing, because Caesar had come to him, to a conference. |
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Caesar, known for giving his potential enemies every last chance, entertained the idea that Ariovistus was coming to his senses. |
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By then, Caesar had to escape to his bodyguards, as the Germanic cavalry was beginning to hurl missiles. |
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Making a point to emphasizlse that he could not trust the Germans, Caesar sent two junior officers, Gaius Valerius Procillus and Marcus Mettius. |
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Caesar knew that the Germans outnumbered him and that his best and only defense was an attack. |
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Caesar wanted the men to see that they were under the eyes of the entire senior command, which would certainly share their fate. |
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Caesar says that the enemy camp was defended by a wagon train, drawn up behind the German forces, which had now either to fight or to run. |
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Caesar opened the battle with a charge against the Germanic left, which seemed the weakest part of the line. |
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Caesar had just settled the last of them among the Aedui when the campaign against Ariovistus began. |
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Caesar relates that the Suebi maintained a citizen army of 100,000 men picked yearly, and Tacitus that the Suebi were not one tribe. |
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According to Julius Caesar, the Helvetians were divided into four subgroups or pagi. |
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The Helvetii were the first Gallic tribe of the campaign to be confronted by Caesar. |
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As only a quarter of their forces were left on the eastern banks, Caesar attacked and routed them. |
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According to Caesar, those killed had been the Tigurini, on whom he had now taken revenge in the name of the Republic and his family. |
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Caesar demanded hostages to be given to him and reparations to the Aedui and Allobroges. |
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He, Mark Antony, and Marcus Lepidus formed the Second Triumvirate to defeat the assassins of Caesar. |
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Because of this, Octavius was raised by his grandmother, Julia, the sister of Julius Caesar. |
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The following year he was put in charge of the Greek games that were staged in honor of the Temple of Venus Genetrix, built by Julius Caesar. |
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Velleius Paterculus reports that after that time, Caesar allowed the young man to share his carriage. |
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When back in Rome, Caesar deposited a new will with the Vestal Virgins, naming Octavius as the prime beneficiary. |
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Mark Antony had lost the support of many Romans and supporters of Caesar when he initially opposed the motion to elevate Caesar to divine status. |
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Octavian began to make common cause with the Optimates, the former enemies of Caesar. |
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Legally, it was closed to patricians, a status that Augustus had acquired some years earlier when adopted by Julius Caesar. |
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Julius Caesar had been granted similar powers, wherein he was charged with supervising the morals of the state. |
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Every Emperor of Rome adopted his name, Caesar Augustus, which gradually lost its character as a name and eventually became a title. |
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Augustus' intent became apparent to make Gaius and Lucius Caesar his heirs when he adopted them as his own children. |
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In many languages, Caesar became the word for Emperor, as in the German Kaiser and in the Bulgarian and subsequently Russian Tsar. |
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He also built the Temple of Caesar, the Baths of Agrippa, and the Forum of Augustus with its Temple of Mars Ultor. |
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This Sextus aligned with the Senatorial Party in the civil war against Gaius Julius Caesar. |
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Although Sextus survived the defeat, it is unknown whether he was involved in the assassination of Gaius Julius Caesar. |
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He received the title of Caesar and was appointed praetor with consular power. |
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To this followed a major slave revolt under Spartacus, and then the establishment of the first Triumvirate with Caesar, Pompey and Crassus. |
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The conquest of Gaul made Caesar immensely powerful and popular, which led to a second civil war against the Senate and Pompey. |
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Caesar foresaw that they would now attempt to ally themselves with the Germans. |
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Julius Caesar, member of the Populares, nephew of Gaius Marius, politician, writer, general, and Dictator, introduced the Julian Calendar. |
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His posthumous adoption by Julius Caesar elevated his plebeian gens Octavia to patrician status. |
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When that position was taken away by Sulla, Caesar spent a decade in Asia, earning a great reputation in the military. |
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During his time in these positions, Caesar befriended Pompey and Crassus, the two men with whom he would later form the First Triumvirate. |
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After his consulship, Caesar gained control of the provinces of Illyricum and Cisalpine and Transalpine Gaul. |
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As the Wars were raging on, Caesar fell victim to a great deal of criticisms from Rome. |
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De Bello Gallico is a response to these criticisms, and a way for Caesar to justify these Wars. |
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While it is obvious that Caesar used this account for his own gain, it is not to say that the De Bello Gallico is at all unreliable. |
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Sallust was expelled from the senate in 50 BC on moral grounds, but quickly revived his career by attaching himself to Julius Caesar. |
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Caesar, Tacitus and others noted differences of culture which could be found on the east of the Rhine. |
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The cause was not the ambition of Caesar or Pompey, but the ambition of man. |
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Pompey, Julius Caesar and Augustus all visited the tomb in Alexandria, where Augustus, allegedly, accidentally knocked the nose off. |
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All these dialects or languages appear to have formed by the mixing of migrating peoples after the time of Caesar. |
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Caesar described some tribes more distinctly than others but generally considered most of them as being from Germanic stock. |
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Caesar provided his Germanic armies with Roman mounts to enable them greater mobility and to enhance their fighting efficiency. |
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The Germania fits within a classical ethnographic tradition which includes authors such as Herodotus and Julius Caesar. |
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From the lives of Cicero and Julius Caesar, it is known that Romans frequented the schools in Greece. |
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According to Julius Caesar, the Britons further inland than the Belgae believed that they were indigenous. |
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In 58 BC the Helvetii planned to migrate westward but Julius Caesar forced them back. |
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Under Caesar the Romans conquered Celtic Gaul, and from Claudius onward the Roman empire absorbed parts of Britain. |
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The large number of gold mines in France is thought to be a major reason why Caesar invaded. |
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However, despite being outdated, Celtic chariot tactics were able to repel the invasion of Britain attempted by Julius Caesar. |
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Caesar then defeated a union of Gauls at the Battle of Alesia, completing the Roman conquest of Transalpine Gaul. |
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The death of Crassus removed some of the balance in the Triumvirate and, consequently, Caesar and Pompey began to move apart. |
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Caesar was now the primary figure of the Roman state, enforcing and entrenching his powers. |
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Thus, when Julius Caesar returned from a governorship in Spain in 61 BC, he found it easy to make an arrangement with Pompey. |
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Caesar and Pompey, along with Crassus, established a private agreement, now known as the First Triumvirate. |
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Caesar would be elected consul in 59 BC, and would then serve as governor of Gaul for five years. |
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Bibulus attempted to obstruct the enactment of these laws, and so Caesar used violent means to ensure their passage. |
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On 1 January 49 BC, an agent of Caesar presented an ultimatum to the senate. |
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Meanwhile, the senators adopted Pompey as their new champion against Caesar. |
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A period of reform occurred between 49 BC, when Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon, and 29 BC, when Octavian returned to Rome after Actium. |
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With Pompey defeated and order restored, Caesar wanted to achieve undisputed control over the government. |
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Caesar held both the dictatorship and the tribunate, and alternated between the consulship and the proconsulship. |
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In 46 BC, Caesar was given censorial powers, which he used to fill the senate with his own partisans. |
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Near the end of his life, Caesar began to prepare for a war against the Parthian Empire. |
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Many were afraid that Caesar would soon resurrect the monarchy and declare himself king. |
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Others feared loss of property or prestige as Caesar carried out his land reforms in favor of the landless classes. |
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They held powers that were nearly identical to the powers that Caesar had held under his constitution. |
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As such, the Senate and assemblies remained powerless, even after Caesar had been assassinated. |
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Britain during the reign of Julius Caesar had an Iron Age culture, with an estimated population of between one and four million. |
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In late summer, 55 BC, even though it was late in the campaigning season, Caesar decided to make an expedition to Britain. |
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As it was late in the day and Caesar was unsure of the territory, he called off the pursuit and made camp. |
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However, Caesar may have exaggerated the number of ships wrecked to magnify his own achievement in rescuing the situation. |
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Caesar then returned to the Stour crossing and found the Britons had massed their forces there. |
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Mandubracius, who had accompanied Caesar, was restored as their king, and the Trinovantes provided grain and hostages. |
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Caesar was eager to return to Gaul for the winter due to growing unrest there, and an agreement was mediated by Commius. |
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Caesar, still some distance away, assumed the ships were afloat and called off the pursuit. |
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During the civil war, Caesar made use of a kind of boat he had seen used in Britain, similar to the Irish currach or Welsh coracle. |
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Many of the public works instituted in his reign were based on plans first suggested by Julius Caesar. |
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Levick believes this emulation of Caesar may have spread to all aspects of his policies. |
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Hostages were taken, but historians disagree over whether any tribute was paid after Caesar returned to Gaul. |
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Caesar conquered no territory and left no troops behind but he established clients and brought Britain into Rome's sphere of influence. |
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His sometime rival Severus promised him the title of Caesar in return for Albinus's support against Pescennius Niger in the east. |
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Ariovistus of the Suebi is reported to have done the same thing in his battle against Julius Caesar. |
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That Britain was notably populous is undeniable, from that expression of Caesar. |
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On 1 March, Constantius was promoted to the office of Caesar, and dispatched to Gaul to fight the rebels Carausius and Allectus. |
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Maximian was forced to abdicate again and Constantine was again demoted to Caesar. |
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The Globe opened in autumn 1599, with Julius Caesar one of the first plays staged. |
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This technique releases the new power and flexibility of the poetry in plays such as Julius Caesar and Hamlet. |
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The Roman Empire emerged with the end of the Republic and the dictatorship of Augustus Caesar. |
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Onto this turbulent scene emerged Gaius Julius Caesar, from an aristocratic family of limited wealth. |
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Crassus had acted as mediator between Caesar and Pompey, and, without him, the two generals manoeuvred against each other for power. |
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Soon afterward, Octavius, whom Caesar adopted through his will, arrived in Rome. |
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Augustus also continued the shifts on the calendar promoted by Caesar, and the month of August is named after him. |
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He adopted his cousin, Alexander Severus, as Caesar, grew jealous, and attempted to assassinate him. |
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Caesar wrote his own histories to make a complete account of his military campaigns in Gaul and during the Civil War. |
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Julius Caesar was the last classical writer to mention the tin trade, which appears to have declined during the Roman occupation. |
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After his conquest of Gaul, Julius Caesar looks over the sea and resolves to order Britain to swear obedience and pay tribute to Rome. |
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Caesar sails a fleet to Britain, but he is overwhelmed by Cassivellaunus's army and forced to retreat to Gaul. |
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Then Cassivellaunus quarrels with one of his dukes, Androgeus, who sends a letter to Caesar asking him to help avenge the duke's honour. |
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Cassivellaunus pays tribute and makes peace with Caesar, who then returns to Gaul. |
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He filled two series of panels at Hertenstein's house with copies of works by Mantegna, including The Triumphs of Caesar. |
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Julius Caesar and Sallust were outstanding historical writers of Cicero's time. |
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Caesar wrote commentaries on the Gallic and civil wars in a straightforward style to justify his actions as a general. |
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His contemporary Suetonius wrote biographies of the 12 Roman rulers from Julius Caesar through Domitian. |
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As in Julius Caesar, though, perturbations in the political sphere are echoed and even amplified by events in the material world. |
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Darlington, he was simply miscast both as Caesar and Antony, finding the former boring and the latter weak. |
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In 2014, Serkis reprised his role as Caesar in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes. |
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Pollio was a lieutenant of Julius Caesar and one of his most ardent supporters. |
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When Julius Caesar invaded Gaul, there were nine different Celtic tribes living in Normandy. |
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The English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. |
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The volumes traced events from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution of 1688, and was a bestseller in its day. |
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Among his literary projects were editions of the works of George Buchanan and Julius Caesar Scaliger. |
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Towards the end of this era, in 44 BC, Julius Caesar was briefly perpetual dictator before being assassinated. |
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This development ultimately enabled Julius Caesar to cross the Rubicon with an army loyal to him personally and effectively end the Republic. |
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When Julius Caesar broke this rule, leaving his province of Gaul and crossing the Rubicon into Italy, he precipitated a constitutional crisis. |
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When he became governor of Cisalpine Gaul in 58 BC, Julius Caesar inherited four legions, numbered VII to X, that were already based there. |
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After his final victory, Caesar disbanded the legion and settled the veterans in the area of Picenum. |
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Caesar claims that the druids are the judges for all kinds of legal disputes, both where criminal and where civil law is concerned. |
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Augustus Caesar once boasted that he had turned Rome from a city of bricks to a city of marble. |
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The Edict was in effect directed against Maximinus Daia, the Caesar in the East who was at that time styling himself as Augustus. |
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The Galli of Gallia Celtica were reported to refer to themselves as Celtae by Caesar. |
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Julius Caesar was checked by Vercingetorix at a siege of Gergovia, a fortified town in the center of Gaul. |
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The Germani of the Ubii also sent cavalry, which Caesar equipped with Remi horses. |
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Caesar captured Vercingetorix in the Battle of Alesia, which ended the majority of Gallic resistance to Rome. |
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Roman silver Denarius with the head of captive Gaul 48 BC, following the campaigns of Julius Caesar. |
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The fundamental unit of Gallic politics was the clan, which itself consisted of one or more of what Caesar called pagi. |
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Only during particularly trying times, such as the invasion of Caesar, could the Gauls unite under a single leader like Vercingetorix. |
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Julius Caesar mentions in his Gallic Wars that those Celts who wanted to make a close study of druidism went to Britain to do so. |
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During the last days of Julius Caesar, almost the entire peninsula was annexed to the Roman Republic. |
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Under the reign of Tiberius Caesar Augustus, the Amber Road was straightened and paved according to the prevailing urban standards. |
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In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus and Pompey formed a political alliance that dominated Roman politics for several years. |
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With the Gallic Wars concluded, the Senate ordered Caesar to step down from his military command and return to Rome. |
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After assuming control of government, Caesar began a programme of social and governmental reforms, including the creation of the Julian calendar. |
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The later biographies of Caesar by Suetonius and Plutarch are also major sources. |
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Caesar is considered by many historians to be one of the greatest military commanders in history. |
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Caesar issued coins featuring images of elephants, suggesting that he favored this interpretation of his name. |
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Sulla gave in reluctantly, and is said to have declared that he saw many a Marius in Caesar. |
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Hearing of Sulla's death in 78 BC, Caesar felt safe enough to return to Rome. |
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On the way across the Aegean Sea, Caesar was kidnapped by pirates and held prisoner. |
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After the ransom was paid, Caesar raised a fleet, pursued and captured the pirates, and imprisoned them. |
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Caesar won comfortably, despite his opponents' greater experience and standing. |
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Faced with the choice between a triumph and the consulship, Caesar chose the consulship. |
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Caesar was already in Crassus' political debt, but he also made overtures to Pompey. |
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Pompey and Crassus had been at odds for a decade, so Caesar tried to reconcile them. |
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Caesar also married again, this time Calpurnia, who was the daughter of another powerful senator. |
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When his consulship ended, Caesar narrowly avoided prosecution for the irregularities of his year in office, and quickly left for his province. |
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Caesar was still deeply in debt, but there was money to be made as a governor, whether by extortion or by military adventurism. |
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Caesar had four legions under his command, two of his provinces bordered on unconquered territory, and parts of Gaul were known to be unstable. |
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Caesar treated this as an aggressive move and, after an inconclusive engagement against the united tribes, he conquered the tribes piecemeal. |
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However, poor harvests led to widespread revolt in Gaul, which forced Caesar to leave Britain for the last time. |
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While Caesar was in Britain his daughter Julia, Pompey's wife, had died in childbirth. |
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Pompey was appointed sole consul as an emergency measure, and married the daughter of a political opponent of Caesar. |
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Caesar thought he would be prosecuted if he entered Rome without the immunity enjoyed by a magistrate. |
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Pompey, despite greatly outnumbering Caesar, who only had his Thirteenth Legion with him, did not intend to fight. |
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Caesar pursued Pompey, hoping to capture Pompey before his legions could escape. |
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Caesar then pursued Pompey to Egypt, arriving soon after the murder of the general. |
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Perhaps as a result of the pharaoh's role in Pompey's murder, Caesar sided with Cleopatra. |
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The royal barge was accompanied by 400 additional ships, and Caesar was introduced to the luxurious lifestyle of the Egyptian pharaohs. |
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Late in 48 BC, Caesar was again appointed dictator, with a term of one year. |
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While he was still campaigning in Spain, the Senate began bestowing honours on Caesar. |
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Caesar had not proscribed his enemies, instead pardoning almost all, and there was no serious public opposition to him. |
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Caesar also wrote that if Octavian died before Caesar did, Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus would be the next heir in succession. |
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During his early career, Caesar had seen how chaotic and dysfunctional the Roman Republic had become. |
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The first goal was accomplished when Caesar defeated Pompey and his supporters. |
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A riot broke out, and only stopped when Caesar had two rioters sacrificed by the priests on the Field of Mars. |
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The Forum of Caesar, with its Temple of Venus Genetrix, was then built, among many other public works. |
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Caesar replaced this calendar with the Egyptian calendar, which was regulated by the sun. |
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Caesar held both the dictatorship and the tribunate, but alternated between the consulship and the proconsulship. |
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In 48 BC, Caesar was given permanent tribunician powers, although on at least one occasion, tribunes did attempt to obstruct him. |
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To minimise the risk that another general might attempt to challenge him, Caesar passed a law that subjected governors to term limits. |
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Under Caesar, a significant amount of authority was vested in his lieutenants, mostly because Caesar was frequently out of Italy. |
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According to Plutarch, as Caesar arrived at the Senate, Tillius Cimber presented him with a petition to recall his exiled brother. |
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Both Plutarch and Suetonius say that Caesar waved him away, but Cimber grabbed his shoulders and pulled down Caesar's tunic. |
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Plutarch also reports that Caesar said nothing, pulling his toga over his head when he saw Brutus among the conspirators. |
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Julius Caesar had been preparing to invade Parthia, the Caucasus, and Scythia, and then march back to Germania through Eastern Europe. |
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Based on remarks by Plutarch, Caesar is sometimes thought to have suffered from epilepsy. |
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Caesar had four documented episodes of what may have been complex partial seizures. |
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The earliest accounts of these seizures were made by the biographer Suetonius, who was born after Caesar died. |
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The tales were repeated, referring to Caesar as the Queen of Bithynia, by some Roman politicians as a way to humiliate him. |
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Caesar himself denied the accusations repeatedly throughout his lifetime, and according to Cassius Dio, even under oath on one occasion. |
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Catullus wrote two poems suggesting that Caesar and his engineer Mamurra were lovers, but later apologised. |
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The Roman emperor Augustus began a cult of personality of Caesar, which described Augustus as Caesar's political heir. |
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Caesar relates that he crossed the Rhine again to punish the Suebi for sending reinforcements to the Treveri. |
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Despite this, Caesar managed to engineer moles and raised siegeworks that provided his legions with a base of operations. |
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Since the destruction of the enemy fleet was the only permanent way to end this problem, Caesar directed his men to build ships. |
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In 287 or 288, the Roman Caesar Maximian forced the Salian leader Genobaud and his people to surrender without a fight. |
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The Gauls were finally conquered by Julius Caesar in the 50s BC despite a rebellion by the Arvernian chieftain Vercingetorix. |
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According to Julius Caesar in his Commentaries on the Gallic War, it was one of three languages in Gaul, the others being Aquitanian and Belgic. |
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In Gallia Transalpina, a Roman province by the time of Caesar, Latin was the language spoken since at least the previous century. |
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In the 50s BC, Aquitania was conquered by lieutenants of Julius Caesar and became part of the Roman Empire. |
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Julius Caesar invaded southeastern England briefly in 55 and again in 54 BCE, but he never reached Hampshire. |
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They were discussed in depth by Julius Caesar in his account of his wars in Gaul. |
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Ancient sources such as Caesar are not always clear about the things used to define ethnicity today. |
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Some translators of Caesar have given crucially different interpretations of his meaning in another passage on the Belgae. |
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It has been remarked that Germanic language speakers might have been no closer than the river Elbe in the time of Caesar. |
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Caesar's informants advised him that whichever tribe Caesar attacked first, the others would come to their defence. |
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At daybreak, satisfied the retreat was not a trap, Caesar sent cavalry to harass the rear guard, followed by three legions. |
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From Caesar's perspective, Germania was a geographical area of land on the east bank of the Rhine opposite Gaul, which Caesar left outside direct Roman control. |
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Caesar used the term Germani for a very specific tribal grouping in northeastern Belgic Gaul, west of the Rhine, the largest part of whom were the Eburones. |
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Caesar described this group of tribes both as Belgic Gauls and as Germani. |
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Mark Antony, having vaguely learned of the plot the night before from a terrified liberator named Servilius Casca, and fearing the worst, went to head Caesar off. |
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British historian Max Hastings says there is no question that as a military genius Napoleon ranks with Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar in greatness. |
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These earlier invasions were written up by Caesar and others as presaging of a Northern danger for the Roman Republic, a danger that should be controlled. |
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These included the Cherusci, Marsi, Chatti, Bructeri, Chauci, Sicambri, and remaining elements of the Suebi, who had been defeated by Caesar in the Battle of Vosges. |
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The punishment considered most severe amongst the Gauls, according to Caesar, is to ban criminals from religious rites, which probably is better understood as outlawing them. |
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Many of the victories that Caesar has written about did, in fact, occur. |
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The Asterix comics, set during the time of Julius Caesar and written in the second half of the twentieth century, are set in Armorica, now Brittany. |
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They were described by Julius Caesar in his war reports, The Gallic Wars. |
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After his victory, Caesar established himself as dictator for life. |
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Julius Caesar was the first historical Roman to be officially deified. |
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Caesar is the primary source for the location of the Eburones. |
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By this time, internal tensions led to a series of civil wars, culminating with the assassination of Julius Caesar, which led to the transition from republic to empire. |
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The Roman proconsul and general Julius Caesar pushed his army into Gaul in 58 BC, on the pretext of assisting Rome's Gaullish allies against the migrating Helvetii. |
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In the same passage, Caesar describes the Segni and Condrusi as being south of the Eburones, between them and the Treviri, who lived near the Moselle. |
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Caesar chose civil war over laying down his command and facing trial. |
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Caesar then defeated the combined Pompeian forces at the Battle of Munda. |
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The sequence of events given by Caesar also seems to indicate that, when his governorship began in 58 BC, the Germans had been settled in Gaul for longer than one year. |
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No classical source mentions hearing impairment in connection with Caesar. |
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Caesar possibly had a genetic predisposition for cardiovascular disease. |
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Caesar sent ambassadors to summon Ariovistus to a conference. |
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