High southern latitudes were not invaded by angiosperms until the end of the Cretaceous. |
|
Simple trichomes are present on aerial surfaces of most angiosperms and on some gymnosperms and bryophytes. |
|
Extant vascular plants range from clubmosses and ferns and their allies to complex seed plants, comprising gymnosperms and angiosperms. |
|
A major change in terrestrial vegetation took place in the Cretaceous with the evolution of the angiosperms, or flowering plants. |
|
The patterns of seasonal acclimation of photosynthetic capacity in angiosperms are more variable. |
|
In this paper, recent work on fruit type evolution in angiosperms is reviewed in relation to dispersal agents and habitat ecology. |
|
Sieve tube members occur in angiosperms, while sieve cells are found in other vascular plants. |
|
From there, other authors suggested that angiosperms moved into disturbed streamside habitats in mesic environments. |
|
Were the first angiosperms woody trees and shrubs, or were they small herbs? |
|
These data suggest that the enzyme is well conserved in plants and could play similar physiological roles in angiosperms and gymnosperms. |
|
The origins and evolution of marine angiosperms and hydrophily in the subclass were also estimated. |
|
One copy of this gene occurs in angiosperms, but two copies occur in the other four seed plant groups. |
|
Members of the family are unusual aquatic angiosperms growing on rocks in rapids and waterfalls in the world's tropics and subtropics. |
|
Many modern basal angiosperms grow on erosional substrates that are unlikely to be preserved in the sedimentological record. |
|
Like other seed plants, angiosperms are heterosporangiate, producing pollen and ovules in different organs. |
|
For comparison, monophyly of angiosperms and spermatophytes is supported by 532 and 631 positions, respectively. |
|
Copia group sequences have been found in diverse species, including single-cell algae, bryophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. |
|
The angiosperms range from small leaves with chloranthoid teeth to larger leaves of the Ficophyllum type. |
|
Some angiosperms reproduce by apomixis, a natural way of cloning through seeds. |
|
In angiosperms, trichomes may occur on leaves, petals, stems, petioles, peduncles and seed coats, depending on the species. |
|
|
Populations of marine angiosperms, or seagrasses, are at the basis of productive ecosystems thriving in shallow coastal areas around the world. |
|
These totals incorporate both terrestrial and aquatic angiosperms, together with gymnosperms, including the enigmatic gnetophyte Welwitschia mirabilis. |
|
Potential foods included not only pollinating insects of angiosperm flowers but also the pollens, nectars, fruits, seeds and foliage of angiosperms themselves. |
|
Bass suggested that the fossils might represent fructifications of angiosperms or gymnosperms, or perhaps both, but said formal identifications had not been made. |
|
Briefly, 144 species of angiosperms were selected using pro rata sampling, i.e. species were sampled in proportion to the number of species in each order. |
|
Graniferous tracheary elements, which may be either tracheids or vessel members, have been observed most often in the haustoria of root-parasitic angiosperms. |
|
A logical inference from this theory is that placenta in angiosperms should have amphicribral vascular bundle, just like that in a young branch. |
|
In certain vining angiosperms with compound leaves, some of the leaflets have modified into grapnel-like hooks—e.g., Tecoma radicans. |
|
A great variation in endosperm size is observed within angiosperms. |
|
The few examples of dichotomous branching among angiosperms are found only in some cacti, palms, and bird-of-paradise plants. |
|
The two modes of axillary branching in angiosperms are monopodial and sympodial. |
|
Apospory and apogamy occur in bryophytes, pteridophytes, and angiosperms, whereas parthenogenesis occurs in ferns and angiosperms. |
|
For a comparison of angiosperms with the other major groups of plants, see plant, bryophyte, fern, lower vascular plant, and gymnosperm. |
|
Our extensive literature search revealed this to be the first report of kin recognition in any spermatophyte other than angiosperms. |
|
The only angiosperms present in any quantity were the monocotyledonous fan palms. |
|
Some species of angiosperms have evolved to attract very specific pollinators. |
|
Fruits and seeds are the primary means by which angiosperms are dispersed, and the main agents for this dispersal are wind, water and animals. |
|
The angiosperms diversified immensely and turned the lands into colourful, fragrant realms. |
|
Stomatal size in fossil plants: evidence for polyploidy in majority of angiosperms. |
|
In most aquatic angiosperms, the parenchymatous cortex contains large intercellular spaces. |
|
|
However, unlike many other angiosperms, lady's-slipper orchids do not produce nectar to attract visiting insects. |
|
Phenolic resins are today only produced by angiosperms, and tend to serve functional uses. |
|
Among the angiosperms, betalains are known only in the Caryophyllales, although they also occur in some Basidiomycetes. |
|
In contrast, the xylem of angiosperms comprises both tracheids and long, tubular vessels. |
|
Comparative ovule and megagametophyte development in Hydatellaceae and water lilies reveal a mosaic of features among the earliest angiosperms. |
|
Paleobiogeographic relationships of Andean angiosperms of Cretaceous to Pliocene age. |
|
Casparian band-like structure in the root hypodermis of some aquatic angiosperms. |
|
The pollen in angiosperms is transferred to the surface of the megasporophyll, whereas in gymnosperms it is brought to the micropyle of the ovule itself. |
|
Most typically, angiosperms are seed plants. |
|
They not only provide a source of food, but also generate nearly half of the oxygen in the atmosphere, derived from the photosynthetic process of planktonic microalgae and nearshore marine angiosperms and macroalgae. |
|
In Côte d'Ivoire and the Dominican Republic, tests with maize, using RCW from dicotyledonous angiosperms, produced yields four times greater than those of control plots. |
|
Apomictic phenomena occur also among many angiosperms. |
|
Endosperm is not formed in certain angiosperms. |
|
Between these two extremes lie angiosperms of almost every size and shape. |
|
Worldwide, foliage deciduousness in angiosperms is believed to have arisen in tropical species as a response to periodic drought. |
|
Dicotyledon, byname dicot, any member of the flowering plants, or angiosperms, that has a pair of leaves, or cotyledons, in the embryo of the seed. |
|
Dicotyledons and monocotyledons together make up the flowering plants, the angiosperms. |
|
Pollen grains from living pinophyte species produce pollen tubes, much like those of angiosperms. |
|
Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that jasmonate compounds are involved in the induction of various defense mechanisms in angiosperms and in conifers. |
|
They have determined the precise dates that angiosperms or flowering plants experienced two surges in growth during the Cretaceous period. |
|
|
Research on cycad reproduction is also providing information on the early origins of insect pollination, long thought to have evolved along with the relatively more recent angiosperms, or flowering plants. |
|
Insect diversity preceded that of flowering plants, called angiosperms, by 120 million years, according to the report. |
|
First in structure, in the kinds of expression, and second in phylogeny, in the occurrence of these forms across the angiosperms. |
|
Infraspecific genetic variations of angiosperms in Asia is suggested to be investigated to determine the historical migration of angiosperms from tropical or subtropical regions to Taiwan. |
|
In angiosperms, or flowering plants, by contrast, the seeds are enclosed during development in a structure variously termed a pistil or a carpel, which is sometimes considered to represent an enfolded megasporophyll. |
|
The precise positional relationship of stem, leaf, and axillary bud is important to understanding the diversity of the shoot system in angiosperms. |
|
In following sections it describes archaea, bacteria, viruses, fungi, the protists, bryophytes, tracheophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms. |
|
There are about twice as many monoecious and dioecious species in the Juan Fernandez Archipelago as there are in angiosperms as a whole. |
|
The only gnetophyte of temperate zone archaeobotanical significance is the genus Ephedra, and so the presence of vessels can often be taken to be indicative of angiosperms. |
|
Pollen grains possessing a much-reduced exine and elaborated intine are known to occur in 54 families of angiosperms and are nearly ubiquitous in Zingiberales. |
|
It is considered as the plesiomorphic condition in angiosperms. |
|
Phylogeny and ecology of mycotrophic achlorophyllous angiosperms. |
|
As in previous editions, angiosperms are emphasized, but some features of the vegetative parts of gymnosperms and seedless vascular plants are also considered. |
|
Descriptions of the histological patterns seen in sections of the pteridophyte shoot apex allowed closer comparisons with the zonate meristems of gymnosperms and angiosperms. |
|
Trichomes of the root in vascular cryptogams and angiosperms. |
|
Sympodial angiosperms with adventitious roots inevitably have patterns of vessel evolution different from those seen in monopodial woody angiosperms with taproots. |
|
The fossil decline appears to coincide with the emergence and dramatic rise of angiosperms, or flowering plants, which today account for up to 300,000 species, says Pryer. |
|
The issue has long preoccupied paleobotanists, with competing theories seeking to explain how angiosperms supplanted ferns and gymnosperms in many regions of the globe. |
|
All large groups in angiosperms such as magnoliids, monocots, basal eudicots, rosids and asterids show a patchy image with both positive and negative observations. |
|