| There were differences in the three distinct linguistic and ethnic groups in colonial Tehuantepec, the Zapotec, the Zoque, and the Huave. |
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| The Zapotecs concluded an alliance with the Spaniards at contact, and they had already expanded their territory into Zoque and Huave regions. |
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| Of the three indigenous groups, the Huave were the most isolated from the Spanish ranching economy and labor demands. |
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