| Originally, niobium metal was produced by powder metallurgy methods which involved high temperature vacuum sintering and carbon reduction. |
| In addition, manganese can enhance the precipitation strengthening of vanadium steels and to a lesser extent, niobium steels. |
| Ancient amber, jade and other precious stones are lovingly re-created in polymer clay, as well as newer, space-age materials, such as niobium. |
| Sodium is also used as a chemical reducing agent in producing titanium, zirconium, niobium, and tantalum from their fused salts. |
| These free electrons can then tunnel through a thin oxide layer on top of the niobium where they are detected as excess current. |
| Because of the high solubilities in niobium and tantalum, these embrittling contaminants normally do not present problems in fabrication. |
