| Infectivity was excluded by reinoculation in Vero cell cultures, with 3 subsequent passages. |
| All birds used in this reinoculation study had recovered from previous infection between 27 and 83 days after inoculation. |
| A minimally absorbable antibiotic such as vancomycin can be useful, especially if given concomitantly with a high potency probiotic reinoculation. |
| For example, one such bottleneck may occur during reinoculation of a chemostat, when tubes are changed. |
