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What is an interferometer?

What is an interferometer? Here are some definitions.

Noun
  1. (physics) any of several instruments that use the interference of waves to determine wavelengths and wave velocities, determine refractive indices, measure small distances, temperature changes, stresses, and many other useful measurements.
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Examples
The flip causes a tiny shift in the cantilever's vibration frequency, which is recorded by the laser interferometer.
The Shack cube interferometer is used to test converging wavefronts at the center of curvature of a reflective surface.
This dynamic interferometer with a holographic optical element produces four phase-shifted interferograms imaged on a single detector.
The resolving power of the interferometer is found to be somewhat more than double that of a telescope of the same aperture.
Ideally, the light field for such an interferometer is considered to be a monochromatic plane wave of infinite lateral extension.
By applying the interferometer method to Capella, arc distances of much less than one-twentieth of a second of arc were measured.

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