| Inefficient beetle-pollination and the automimicry system via asynchronous flowering might be responsible for the high level of pollen shortage and frequent geitonogamy. |
| Protogyny may also reduce geitonogamy if the flowers on an inflorescence develop so that all open flowers are in either male or female phase at any given time. |
| Has this method, which is spoken of as geitonogamy, the same influence as crossing with pollen from another plant? |
| Together, the three modes of geitonogamy make a much larger contribution to self-fertilization than autogamy. |
| Geitonogamy can be due to self-pollination between flowers on the same branch, different flowering branches of the same plant, or different ramets of the same clonal genet. |
| However, there were several flowers open on each marked branch, so the reduction in geitonogamy from emasculating only one flower was probably minor. |
