| Mutations are the result of two genetic phenomena known as founder effect and bottleneck effect. |
| The differences between replicates possibly result from a founder effect. |
| Demographic history appears to have been stable for the auklets throughout the past several million years, and a founder effect associated with their speciation is unlikely. |
| Furthermore, the outcome of the competition process can depend on a founder effect. |
| This is best explained by a male founder effect during the colonization of northeast India that is estimated to have occurred within the past 4,000 years. |
| A founder effect amplifies any mutation present in a small population that later expands. |
