| Microorganisms can also develop acquired resistance by either spontaneous mutation or by horizontal transmission of extrachromosomal genes. |
| Crosses were done between transgenic plants carrying pShortDs and plants containing transposase to analyze the ends of extrachromosomal linear Ds elements. |
| Some prokaryotes, such as bacteria, and a few eukaryotes have extrachromosomal DNA known as plasmids, which are autonomous, self-replicating genetic material. |
| Unlike the retrovirus, adenoviral DNA functions in an extrachromosomal manner. |
| Upon heat shock during larval development, FLP and I-SceI produce the extrachromosomal targeting molecule. |
| In this study, I investigated genetic requirements and DNA substrates for DSB repair in S. pombe using a new simple extrachromosomal DSB repair assay. |
