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What is an alkali?

What is an alkali? Here are some definitions.

Noun
  1. (chemistry) One of a class of caustic bases, such as soda, soda ash, caustic soda, potash, ammonia, and lithia, whose distinguishing peculiarities are solubility in alcohol and water, uniting with oils and fats to form soap, neutralizing and forming salts with acids, turning to brown several vegetable yellows, and changing reddened litmus to blue.
  2. (Western United States) Soluble mineral matter, other than common salt, contained in soils of natural waters.
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Soluble silicates can be obtained by heating alkali metal carbonates and silica.
You need an alkali metal, which has one electron in the outer shell, to make the process work.
Sodium is an alkali metal and tends to lose an electron to form the positive sodium ion.
He isolated potassium, another well known alkali metal, from potassium hydroxide in the same year.
While not as reactive as the alkali metals, this family knows how to make bonds very easily.
Since they have two electrons that they must lose, they are not quite as reactive as the alkali metals.

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