| Indeed, newcomers to Canada with proficiency in an official language suffer less acculturative stress than do those lacking such proficiency. |
| For example, individuals voluntarily exposing themselves to cultural change, such as immigrants, suffer less acculturative stress than those doing so involuntarily or under duress, such as refugees. |
| Immigrant children and youth face diverse linguistic, acculturative, psychological and socioeconomic challenges in their daily lives. |
| The second limitation was that measures of acculturative stress, such as parent-child intergenerational conflict, were not available in our study. |
| Indeed, previous studies have shown the negative relationship between acculturative stress and self-esteem among Hispanic youth. |
| Immigration and acculturative stresses also may have a combined effect, placing them at greater risk for psychological distress. |
