Ascent of magma and construction of volcanoes, however, are not driven by thermal energy but by gravitational energy. |
|
Sliding and colliding, separating and fragmenting, great trenches are forming, and volcanoes and vents are being created. |
|
And what are the circumstances like now, presumably the volcanoes would be extinct, they're quiescent? |
|
Some of the best rice-growing regions of Indonesia are in the shadow of active volcanoes. |
|
From the volcanoes, scores of streams race through the jungle down deep ravines. |
|
The temperature of the lava, about 1,500 kelvins, is similar to that of the hottest volcanoes on Earth. |
|
The sun was setting beyond dark cumulous clouds which took on the appearance of volcanoes edged with lava. |
|
You can picture the rugged terrain of rocky beaches and stony slopes with ancient smouldering volcanoes standing guard over antique vines. |
|
Venus has a complex surface, with plains, mountains, volcanoes, ridges, rift valleys, and a few impact craters. |
|
The twin volcanoes, Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea, each rise well over 13,600 feet on an island 80 miles wide. |
|
Oceanic volcanic arcs are surrounded by large volcaniclastic aprons, kilometres thick, whose volume may far exceed that of the volcanoes. |
|
Siberian volcanoes spent 900,000 years spewing enough carbon into the atmosphere to raise Earth's temparature six degrees. |
|
The northern islands are coral atolls that have formed over ancient sunken volcanoes and are characterized by outer reefs surrounding a lagoon. |
|
Yes, there are large rock avalanches that accompany volcanoes and they can travel a long way. |
|
Jane could stretch out on a lounger on the balcony, enjoying the dwarfing magnificence of the volcanoes on neighbouring Bali and Lombok. |
|
On the continents seeps create brine pools, mud volcanoes and other local features. |
|
This applies equally to tornadoes, fires, floods, earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, avalanches, tidal waves and meteor strikes. |
|
According to Morton, Mars has clouds, winds, shorelines, river valleys, volcanoes and even glaciers. |
|
She added that volcanoes also are a source of many of the essential chemicals that may be necessary for the evolution of biological organisms. |
|
In extreme cases, the soil particles become suspended in groundwater and the deposit reacts as a fluid giving rise to sand or mud volcanoes. |
|
|
Some of the salt in the oceans comes from undersea volcanoes and hydrothermal vents. |
|
I heard talk in the hostel of aqueducts and Bohemian quarters and local volcanoes, but I haven't seen them yet. |
|
Animals begin to colonize the basalt volcanoes when they are still deep beneath the sea surface. |
|
One bulky geography master, built like a wrestler, spent most of a term slippering lads and talking about volcanoes. |
|
Geologists, however, consider mud volcanoes unpredictable, and there is still considerable controversy about their origin and bouts of activity. |
|
These volcanic necks are the remnants of upwelling lava from the cores of active volcanoes in prehistoric times. |
|
Snow-capped volcanoes slope down to pine forests, deserts, and balmy tropical beaches. |
|
The constant eruptions of Io's many volcanoes should prevent the formation of mountains formed by upthrusting rock, yet here it stands. |
|
In fact, Venus is thought to have more volcanoes than any other planet in the solar system. |
|
Several colossal, yet dormant, volcanoes lorded over a steamy jungle realm of rice paddies, nipa huts, majestic palm trees, and lush undergrowth. |
|
A spectrometer will measure the temperature of the atmosphere at various heights and pick out surface hot spots such as active volcanoes. |
|
The most violent volcanoes occur at destructive plate margins, where one plate is consuming another. |
|
Some volcanoes appear similar to those formed from eruption of thick, viscous lavas on Earth. |
|
The landscape ranges from volcanoes and Afro-alpine mountains to savanna and lowland rain forest. |
|
Variations in composition within each series reflect differentiation in magma chambers under volcanoes. |
|
Our understanding of how volcanoes degas has taken major steps forward in the past 20 years. |
|
The two that are most often in the news are shield volcanoes, as seen in Hawaii, and composite volcanoes. |
|
Shield volcanoes tend to erupt non-explosively, mainly pouring out huge volumes of fluid lava. |
|
Scientists have used robotic vehicles on Earth to explore active volcanoes and the ocean floors. |
|
This structure resembles volcanoes on Earth and Venus, with overlapping layers of material from a series of flows. |
|
|
It has rainforests, snowpeaked mountains, volcanoes, tropical beaches and lush green pasture land. |
|
This kind of event occurs on all the Canary Islands and other oceanic shield volcanoes. |
|
A primary conclusion from our work is that magmas beneath volcanoes such as Nevado del Ruiz release significant gas during periods of quiescence. |
|
In geology, students learn about the structure of the Earth, volcanoes and the formation and recycling of rocks. |
|
Visually, the city keeps you enthralled, with its setting atop a series of extinct volcanoes and rocky crags. |
|
At that time many artists in Indonesia still painted pretty pictures of volcanoes and voluptuous women. |
|
Lake Taupo looked windswept and the volcanoes were obscured by low grey cloud. |
|
The sounds of Icelandic volcanoes provide a haunting backdrop to the scene. |
|
Here the source for the volcanoes, an extensive wall of subterranean mud provides a near surface source. |
|
Unlike ordinary volcanoes, supervolcanoes are not obvious from the surface. |
|
One of the most geologically complex volcanoes on Earth, Etna has four summit craters and more than 250 cinder cones on its flanks. |
|
Running down each side of the valley are mountain peaks dotted with dormant volcanoes. |
|
Maybe volcanoes covered the land in lava, poisoned the air, and brought on an ice age. |
|
The sky is overcast, clouded by dank mists of humidity thronging the volcanoes and mountains. |
|
The chemical components used to artificially petrify wood can be found in natural settings around volcanoes and within sedimentary strata. |
|
Despite the dangers, people often settle near volcanoes because the soil is periodically fertilized with mineral rich ash and dust. |
|
Individual volcanoes of continental monogenetic volcanic fields are generally presumed to erupt single magma batches during brief eruptions. |
|
The Massif Central is a large mountainous plateau in the central area, which includes the ancient volcanoes of the Auvergne region. |
|
He covers the modern history of the science of plate tectonics, explaining why Indonesia has so many volcanoes and earthquakes. |
|
On the journey he encountered many stunning sights including smoking volcanoes, blazing sunrises and pods of whales and dolphins. |
|
|
Now there are volcanoes and floods and all manner of badness, and it's up to you as the player to set things right with flippers and ball. |
|
The Western Branch of the East African Great Rift Valley is pocketed with craters of extinct or dormant volcanoes. |
|
At the bottom of the Pacific Ocean is a daisy chain of volcanoes, faults and crustal fractures. |
|
One would expect a bird living in the shadow of remote island volcanoes to lead a somewhat precarious existence. |
|
The teenagers will visit many of Iceland's unique features, including geysers, volcanoes and geothermal hotspots. |
|
In retrospect, it probably should not have been a surprise that volcanoes are prone to collapse. |
|
Each chapter is preceded by the author's description of why and how she decided to study volcanoes. |
|
Mud volcanoes indicate that this subcretion occurs where dewatering stiffens the subducted sediments. |
|
In the first case diamonds are extracted from the diamantiferous chimneys of the ancient volcanoes, made up of kimberlite, or blue rock. |
|
Ice caps form, winds blow, volcanoes erupt, and magnetic fields are produced here on Earth and elsewhere in the Solar System. |
|
However, whereas volcanic activity ceased on the Moon several billion years ago, Io still has about a dozen volcanoes erupting at any one time. |
|
Although Cascade volcanoes do not erupt frequently, they threaten major populations and developments. |
|
As the magma approaches the surface it occasionally erupts and forms volcanoes. |
|
In turn, the melt rises toward the surface and erupts in spectacular volcanoes. |
|
A sudden eruption or collapse of one of these volcanoes would have catastrophic effects, but current research is not just about assessing risk. |
|
Subduction volcanoes generally show enrichments of boron in their eruptive products when compared with volcanoes in other tectonic environments. |
|
East African volcanoes are famous for their carbonatites, and most of the eruptive magmas were rich in alkalis and natrocarbonatite. |
|
Low-relief domical volcanoes, many less than several kilometers in diameter, are globally abundant, numbering in the hundreds of thousands. |
|
The next day the hiking group drove south to Tongariro, a national park with a couple of dormant volcanoes, to do the tramp. |
|
These could be courses in the bottom of dormant volcanoes, on isolated islands, or atop unfathomably high mountaintops. |
|
|
Formed by similar mountain-building forces, both islands have dormant volcanoes in their central regions. |
|
As Mount St. Helen showed in 1980, even supposedly dormant volcanoes sometimes blow and drift eastward. |
|
But he noted that other parts of the world have plenty of dormant volcanoes, including France and Germany. |
|
Usually, these types of volcanoes erupt explosively and violently, sometimes completely blowing their tops! |
|
In fact 80 per cent of the country's electricity is generated from the natural heat of hot springs, geysers and volcanoes, which means very little pollution of any kind. |
|
The researchers sampled gases, or volatiles, discharged from the volcanoes, and analyzed the nitrogen and helium compositions to trace their sources. |
|
Most of the world's active above-sea volcanoes are located near convergent plate boundaries where subduction is occurring, particularly around the Pacific basin. |
|
The islands are low coral caps surmounting submerged extinct volcanoes. |
|
Oxygen is one of several vital elements that are constantly consumed and recycled by processes involving the biosphere, the Earth's rocks and volcanoes, and the oceans. |
|
Underneath the most placid waters, there are vicious currents and tides, and underwater volcanoes that are constantly erupting. |
|
New Zealand's geographical features vary from the Southern Alps and fjords on South Island to the volcanoes, hot springs, and geysers on North Island. |
|
Mud volcanoes are an important global mechanism for degassing deeply buried sediments and it has been estimated that several thousand occur globally. |
|
This includes what we call volcanoes, as well as geysers and fumaroles. |
|
From the tectonic plates we see how volcanoes and earthquakes form, and how the earth recycles the air, water, and even base rock on a daily basis. |
|
These particular tonguefish seem to specialize in living right at the openings of the underwater volcanoes in places most fish would, and do, die. |
|
Ancient Mayan ruins, active volcanoes, the world's only hot waterfall, and a couple of weeks spent with a Mexican bongo troupe who believed in gnomes. |
|
Sand volcanoes range in diameter from a few centimetres to several metres. |
|
To assess the current state of play, my wife, Rosy, and I spent three months crossing Russia, from the mountains of the Caucasus to the volcanoes of Kamchatka. |
|
Melts form at the highest temperatures and lowest pressures resulting in large volumes of tholeiitic magma that form shield volcanoes such as Mauna Loa. |
|
We conclude that similar compositional bimodality among eruptive products of intracontinental volcanoes in volcanic fields may be the rule, rather than the exception. |
|
|
In December, members of the same research team revealed that calderas on five major Mars volcanoes were repeatedly active as little as 2 million years ago. |
|
The land of active volcanoes, volatile weather, and dramatic landscapes has been a hub of creativity and culture for centuries. |
|
These deposits are important because they permit both increased dating resolution in areas close to volcanoes and the use of tephrochronology over very long distances. |
|
Under the seemingly flat ocean are deep-sea volcanoes, ridges, abyssal trenches and other features which in many cases dwarf their equivalents on land. |
|
In addition to meteors, infrasonic energy is generated by chemical explosions, supersonic aircraft, tornadoes, landslides, earthquakes, and volcanoes. |
|
Baratang Island, which is about 100 km by road from Port Blair, will be promoted more for its mud volcanoes and limestone caves and less for its beaches. |
|
Iceland sits precariously atop the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a vast undersea mountain range whose subsurface volcanoes account for much of the country's tumultuous terrain. |
|
Sicily and its surrounding small islands have some highly active volcanoes. |
|
The park has active and extinct volcanoes, a diverse range of ecosystems and some spectacular landscapes. |
|
Intermediate lavas form andesite domes and block lavas, and may occur on steep composite volcanoes, such as in the Andes. |
|
Since water covers the majority of Earth's surface and most volcanoes are situated near or under bodies of water, pillow lava is very common. |
|
Among the loose beds of ash that cover the slopes of many volcanoes, three classes of materials are represented. |
|
Good crystals of augite and olivine are also to be obtained in the ash beds of Vesuvius and of many other volcanoes, ancient and modern. |
|
Above subduction zones, volcanoes exist in long chains called volcanic arcs. |
|
Krakatoa, Nevado del Ruiz, and Mount Vesuvius are all examples of arc volcanoes. |
|
Arc volcanism has the greatest impact on humans, because many arc volcanoes lie above sea level and erupt violently. |
|
Examples of volcanoes include Mount Fuji in Japan and Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines. |
|
Circa 3 000 BC, the craters of extinct volcanoes in Arabia were used as reservoirs by farmers for their irrigation water. |
|
Freezing doe eyes with a jacklight from a chalky bed, chalk of deep woods volcanoes, with a boy or two. |
|
Other natural climate variations include solar activity and volcanoes. |
|
|
They enjoyed making lava lamps, potions, exploding volcanoes and lots of noisy sounds. |
|
The collapse may have been caused by the vertical inflation of deeper magma chambers that fed the volcanoes. |
|
The rocks date back as much as 2,500 million years and were formed in the deep-seated magma chambers far below active volcanoes. |
|
Check out geological phenomena such as plate tectonics, volcanoes, earthquakes and tsunamis in an interactive process known as prototyping. |
|
Most have been found on a chain of undersea volcanoes called the mid-ocean ridge, however, and very few are known in the Antarctic. |
|
Field guide to plutons, volcanoes, faults, reefs, dinosaurs, and possible glaciation in selected areas of Arizona, California, and Nevada. |
|
The Kamchatka peninsula contains the volcanoes of Kamchatka, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. |
|
These estuaries are formed by subsidence or land cut off from the ocean by land movement associated with faulting, volcanoes, and landslides. |
|
The lands around the Pacific Rim are full of volcanoes and often affected by earthquakes. |
|
The Ring of Fire is named after the several hundred active volcanoes that sit above the various subduction zones. |
|
Earth's volcanoes occur because its crust is broken into 17 major, rigid tectonic plates that float on a hotter, softer layer in its mantle. |
|
Therefore, on Earth, volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging, and most are found underwater. |
|
Erupting volcanoes can pose many hazards, not only in the immediate vicinity of the eruption. |
|
The study of volcanoes is called volcanology, sometimes spelled vulcanology. |
|
Typical examples are Mount Etna and the volcanoes in the Pacific Ring of Fire. |
|
The features of volcanoes are much more complicated and their structure and behavior depends on a number of factors. |
|
Some volcanoes have rugged peaks formed by lava domes rather than a summit crater while others have landscape features such as massive plateaus. |
|
Cinder cones may form as flank vents on larger volcanoes, or occur on their own. |
|
Stratovolcanoes are also known as composite volcanoes because they are created from multiple structures during different kinds of eruptions. |
|
In shallow water, active volcanoes disclose their presence by blasting steam and rocky debris high above the ocean's surface. |
|
|
Hydrothermal vents are common near these volcanoes, and some support peculiar ecosystems based on dissolved minerals. |
|
Extinct volcanoes are those that scientists consider unlikely to erupt again because the volcano no longer has a magma supply. |
|
The three common popular classifications of volcanoes can be subjective and some volcanoes thought to have been extinct have erupted again. |
|
There are several extinct volcanoes on Mars, four of which are vast shield volcanoes far bigger than any on Earth. |
|
It is covered with volcanoes that erupt sulfur, sulfur dioxide and silicate rock, and as a result, Io is constantly being resurfaced. |
|
Warm mantle material wells up, melting the crust and often causing volcanoes to emerge in the rift basin. |
|
These islands arise from volcanoes where the subduction of one plate under another is occurring. |
|
The biological diversity, warm tropical climate and active volcanoes make Nicaragua an increasingly popular tourist destination. |
|
The three volcanoes of Vulcano, Vulcanello and Lipari are also currently active, although the latter is usually dormant. |
|
The compression and orogeny continue today, as shown by the ongoing raising of the mountains a small amount each year and the active volcanoes. |
|
Every region of the island has numerous volcanoes, with the people left to share the remaining flatter land. |
|
Japan is substantially prone to earthquakes, tsunami and volcanoes due to its location along the Pacific Ring of Fire. |
|
Some volcanoes occur in the interiors of plates, and these have been variously attributed to internal plate deformation and to mantle plumes. |
|
Orogenic belts are associated with subduction zones, which consume crust, produce volcanoes, and build island arcs. |
|
The same process can form mud volcanoes on the surface where they broke through upper layers. |
|
Water in the mantle is responsible for the melt that produces volcanoes at subduction zones. |
|
This subduction zone explains the presence of active volcanoes over the southeastern part of the Caribbean Sea. |
|
This collision of plates is responsible for lifting the massive Andes Mountains and causing the volcanoes which are strewn throughout them. |
|
Pillow lavas are also found associated with some subglacial volcanoes at an early stage of an eruption. |
|
The arc is formed from volcanoes which erupt through the overriding plate as the descending plate melts below it. |
|
|
Sites of venting may take the form of mud volcanoes or seeps and are often associated with chemosynthetic communities. |
|
This subduction forms the volcanoes of Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, also known as the Central America Volcanic Arc. |
|
Additionally, Pacific coastal conditions tend to be unstable due to steep unstable terrain, earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes. |
|
The Andes range has many active volcanoes, which are distributed in four volcanic zones separated by areas of inactivity. |
|
The volcanoes of the belt are diverse in terms of activity style, products and morphology. |
|
They are volcanoes, and the mountains of the neighboring Lease Islands are extinct volcanoes. |
|
There are many active volcanoes such as the Mayon Volcano, Mount Pinatubo, and Taal Volcano. |
|
There are several active volcanoes in Vanuatu, including Lopevi, Mount Yasur and several underwater volcanoes. |
|
There are 4 extinct volcanoes in the South Island, all located on the east coast. |
|
Petersburg University in Russia and his colleagues, suggested that volcanoes account for a large proportion of the CFCs in the atmosphere. |
|
Cinder cone volcanoes arise from solid lava fragments thrown out to form a cinder pile. |
|
The noisemakers include volcanoes, tsunamis, hurricanes, and even the turbulence that shakes airplanes. |
|
It rivals in size some of the largest volcanoes in the solar system, such as Olympus Mons on Mars. |
|
Many geoscientists suspect that the plume feeding Hawaiian volcanoes comes from the deepest part of the mantle. |
|
The fanfold map clearly shows dozens of volcanoes, with icons indicating at a glance whether they are active or inactive. |
|
Eruptions of volcanoes into air are termed subaerial, whereas those occurring underneath the ocean are termed submarine. |
|
She could stand on a rocky surface, scoop up a gloveful of dirt, and explore extinct volcanoes and ancient canyons. |
|
While the Pacific states are the most volcanically active areas, extinct volcanoes and lava flows are found throughout most of the West. |
|
Active volcanoes are common throughout Alaska's Alexander and Aleutian Islands, and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands. |
|
The Afrera contains many active volcanoes, including the Maraho, Dabbahu, Afdera and Erta Ale. |
|
|
Indonesia has at least 150 active volcanoes, including Krakatoa and Tambora, both famous for their devastating eruptions in the 19th century. |
|
The string of volcanoes runs through Sumatra, Java, Bali and Nusa Tenggara, and then to the Banda Islands of Maluku to northeastern Sulawesi. |
|
Carbon dioxide from volcanoes probably contributed to periods with highest overall temperatures. |
|
The volume of extrusive rock erupted annually by volcanoes varies with plate tectonic setting. |
|
The cause was originally thought to be static electricity or the smoke that billowed from railroad locomotives or the mortiferous vapours rising from underground volcanoes. |
|
Oil sands and mud volcanoes are especially common in this area. |
|
English audio guides and interactive video kiosks key to exhibits from volcanoes and energy-efficient houses to a fighter jet and the Nautile minisubmarine. |
|
Active mud volcanoes tend to involve temperatures much lower than those of igneous volcanoes except when the mud volcano is actually a vent of an igneous volcano. |
|
In this globetrot, Calderazzo takes readers to the most volatile peaks in the world to better understand how volcanoes work and how people live with and study them. |
|
It is part of a chain of volcanoes stretching across Iceland. |
|
Home to one of the world's most active volcanoes and tallest sea mountain, the Aloha State also gave the world the hula, superb cuisine and surfing. |
|
This year's program focused on subduction zones, where Earth's tectonic plates bend back down toward the planet's interior, usually creating volcanoes in the process. |
|
Basaltic tuffs are also of widespread occurrence both in districts where volcanoes are now active and in lands where eruptions have long since ended. |
|
The latter occurs along sedimentary and structural-tectonic conduits such as unconformities, faults, and the decollement as well as through mud volcanoes. |
|
But many volcanoes stand near the sea, and the ashes cast out by them are mingled with the sediments that are gathering at the bottom of the waters. |
|
Sulfur dioxide, the principal oxide of sulfur, is emitted from volcanoes. |
|
Stratovolcanoes or composite volcanoes are tall conical mountains composed of lava flows and other ejecta in alternate layers, the strata that gives rise to the name. |
|
Many of these volcanoes offer some great possibilities for tourists with activities such as hiking, climbing, camping, and swimming in crater lakes. |
|
Although volcanoes are technically part of the lithosphere, which itself is part of the climate system, the IPCC explicitly defines volcanism as an external forcing agent. |
|
Such volcanoes are able to severely cool global temperatures for many years after the eruption due to the huge volumes of sulfur and ash released into the atmosphere. |
|
|
Today, only 7 of the 50 volcanoes in Nicaragua are considered active. |
|
There are a number of volcanoes located on the Lesser Sunda Islands. |
|
He recorded observations on both earthquakes and volcanoes, including accounts of the eruptions of the volcanoes in the Aeolian Islands, north of Sicily. |
|
Over time, the formations created by submarine volcanoes may become so large that they break the ocean surface as new islands or floating pumice rafts. |
|
For example, many of Earth's volcanoes have erupted dozens of times in the past few thousand years but are not currently showing signs of eruption. |
|
The gorilla's ancestor had probably taken to the montane forests of a string of central African volcanoes, cutting itself off from the genes of other apes. |
|
Given the long lifespan of such volcanoes, they are very active. |
|
Iceland has hundreds of volcanoes with about 30 active volcanic systems. |
|
As part of the Ring of Fire, California is subject to tsunamis, floods, droughts, Santa Ana winds, wildfires, landslides on steep terrain, and has several volcanoes. |
|
Indonesia's location on the edges of the Pacific, Eurasian, and Australian tectonic plates makes it the site of numerous volcanoes and frequent earthquakes. |
|
The majority of the world's active volcanoes occur along plate boundaries, with the Pacific Plate's Ring of Fire being the most active and widely known today. |
|
A string of volcanoes stretches from Sumatra to the Banda Sea. |
|
Some volcanologists refer to extinct volcanoes as inactive, though the term is now more commonly used for dormant volcanoes once thought to be extinct. |
|
The pressure and heat caused by this collision led to the formation of underwater volcanoes, some of which grew large enough to form islands as early as 15 million years ago. |
|
Nevertheless, volcanoes may remain dormant for a long period of time. |
|
This addition of water to the mantle causes partial melting of the mantle, generating magma, which then rises, and which normally results in volcanoes. |
|
The Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project, an initiative of the Deep Carbon Observatory, monitors nine volcanoes, two of which are Decade volcanoes. |
|
Gas emissions from volcanoes are a natural contributor to acid rain. |
|
The Earth's Moon has no large volcanoes and no current volcanic activity, although recent evidence suggests it may still possess a partially molten core. |
|
High islands are of volcanic origin, and many contain active volcanoes. |
|
|
This normally happens at a certain depth, about 70 to 80 miles below the Earth's surface, and so volcanoes are formed fairly close to, but not right next to, the trench. |
|
Nonaccretionary forearcs may also be the site of serpentine mud volcanoes. |
|
Several islands, including Isla Coronados, are home to volcanoes. |
|
Occupations or careers related to bathymetry include the study of oceans and rocks and minerals on the ocean floor, and the study of underwater earthquakes or volcanoes. |
|
The Tristan hotspot is a volcanic hotspot which is responsible for the volcanic activity which forms the volcanoes in the southern Atlantic Ocean. |
|
The Yellowstone and Anahim hotspots are thought to have first arrived during the Miocene period and are still geologically active, creating earthquakes and volcanoes. |
|
This makes it by far the largest of the three active volcanoes in Italy, being about two and a half times the height of the next largest, Mount Vesuvius. |
|