The sequence from the early amniotes to the early mammals is the most fully documented of the major transitions in vertebrate evolution. |
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The sporozoites migrate to the salivary glands and are inoculated into a new vertebrate host when the mosquito feeds. |
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Whatever their phylogenetic position, the hagfish are still considered the most primitive vertebrate known, living or extinct. |
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But unless you have already mastered vertebrate anatomy, Mesozoic stratigraphy, and phylogenetic analysis, it's probably not the place to begin. |
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In 1880 he completed a Ph.D. in osteology and vertebrate paleontology at Yale. |
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Cetacean evolution is one of several transitions across the land-water barrier documented in the history of vertebrate evolution. |
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But, without exception, the majority of paleobotanists and vertebrate paleontologists initially rejected these concepts. |
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Numerous recent studies in vertebrate paleontology have focused on reconstructing the ecology of terrestrial fossil communities. |
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Entamoeba are unicellular eukaryotes that frequently parasitize vertebrate species including human. |
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He has the distinction of being one of the very early converts to cladistic methods in vertebrate paleontology. |
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Found along with the cephalopods are gastropods, pelecypods, echinoderms, and vertebrate bones. |
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Among vertebrate classes, fishes exhibit by far the greatest variability in competitive and cooperative behaviors in male reproduction. |
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Serotonin has been demonstrated to enhance excitability and spike output in vertebrate and invertebrate neurons. |
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Most endophytes produce N-rich alkaloid compounds that deter or poison a range of vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores. |
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Minerals, mushrooms, higher and lower plants, invertebrate and vertebrate animals make up the richest museum collection on the Balkan Peninsula. |
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Therefore, valuable knowledge on vertebrate evolution would be gained by obtaining a complete coelacanth genome sequence. |
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The eye of arthropod invertebrates is vastly different from the molluscan or vertebrate eye. |
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Two evolutionary events that shaped current vertebrate life were the transition from water to land, and the development of endothermy. |
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At least for some of these, a direct role downstream of vertebrate Hh proteins has been defined similar to what is seen in flies. |
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The acanthocephalan Leptorhynchoides is a parasite of vertebrate carnivores which looks a little like a nemertine worm with training wheels. |
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In short, the vertebrate eye is a masterpiece not of design, but of jury-rigged compensations for a fundamentally defective architecture. |
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It has been noted that the resulting split of the visual anlage resembles the morphogenesis of the vertebrate anterior plate. |
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The shell is considered the most highly developed protective armor of any vertebrate species. |
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We also presented a taxidermically mounted wallaby to quantify the response to a nonpredatory, familiar vertebrate. |
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The sharp frequency selectivity of auditory nerve fiber responses to sound is a hallmark of vertebrate cochlear function. |
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It's home to at least 300 vascular plants, 30 types of cacti and 249 vertebrate species, including mountain lions, bobcats and weasels. |
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Moreover, palm fruits have been proposed to be keystone resources for Neotropical vertebrate frugivores. |
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Let us review the fundamental features of the vertebrate body as context for notochords and backbones. |
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In fact, the candiru is one of a very few vertebrate parasites that targets humans. |
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In winter, when invertebrates are scarce, owls that remain at northern latitudes take largely vertebrate prey. |
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However palynology and vertebrate fossils have yielded reliable ages for a few basins. |
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No single mutation can produce a pentadactyl limb of vertebrate type on a Drosophila. |
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A substantial fraction of vertebrate and invertebrate genomes is composed of mobile elements and their derivatives. |
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Could there ever be a situation where it would be to the advantage of a swimming vertebrate to have such fragile fins? |
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This site has yielded numerous vertebrate fossils, particularly placoderms and early osteichthyans, such as the Cheirolepis shown here. |
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This arrangement could enable increased plasticity in the evolution of transpositional variation in the vertebrate body plan. |
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Microsatellite loci appear to be distributed throughout vertebrate genomes and can demonstrate high levels of intraspecific allelic polymorphism. |
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He made many contributions to knowledge of the vertebrate and invertebrate fossils of the West Coast. |
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A similar pattern is apparent in the vertebrate record, though floodplain aestivation assemblages are known. |
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On the bright side, if students can get into the vertebrate examples discussed here, maybe some will plumb deeper into other phyla and kingdoms. |
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The examples discussed, which are myriad, cover a wide set of invertebrate and vertebrate animals. |
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In the vertebrate vascular system, shear stress exerted by blood flow has substantial effects on endothelial cell morphology and behavior. |
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Remains of ostraderms from Ordovician rocks comprise some of the oldest vertebrate fossils. |
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On the other hand, the majority of fossil vertebrate assemblages accumulate over many temporal scales from days to millennia. |
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For more information, see our new exhibits on vertebrate flight and avian flight. |
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The vertebrate axial skeleton is much more than a series of vertebrae coupled with the connecting intervertebral disc tissues. |
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Without functional analyses of axial ligaments, the basis for flexural stiffness in any particular vertebrate axis is wanting. |
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Thus shear loading mechanisms may play a central role in integrative models of the vertebrate body axis. |
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This is the architecture that supports and is supported by the vertebrate axis, namely the notochord or vertebral column. |
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The proximity of vertebrate fossils to the crab fossils suggests that they may also have scavenged vertebrate carcasses. |
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Such segmentally repeated functional groups may be present throughout vertebrates since all vertebrate brains are segmented. |
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Recent modeling studies have focused on systems such as vertebrate jaws, limbs, tongues and tentacles and axial muscle. |
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Close association of shark teeth with a vertebrate skeleton is yet another type of fossil record that may indicate shark feeding. |
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The functional significance of vertebrate ultraviolet vision has been the focus of an increasing number of research studies over the last decade. |
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Mechanisms of inbreeding avoidance are well documented in vertebrate societies. |
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This takes the vertebrate embryo up to the stage at which it has become recognizably vertebrate, with somites, notochord, and neural tube. |
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The beluga sturgeon is one of the most long-lived of all vertebrate species. |
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This junction is clearly visible as a dark band or basal lamina in electron micrographs of developing vertebrate teeth. |
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To delve further into this subject, check out our new exhibits on vertebrate flight and chiropteran flight. |
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Understanding of the earliest amniotes has been a central pursuit of vertebrate paleontologists over the past century. |
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Most investigation into such an antipredatory benefit has focused on caudal autotomy in vertebrate taxa. |
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In at least some areas of the river, Axarus larvae are eaten by vertebrate predators. |
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If we are ever to develop a theory of vertebrate osteology, this is one of the most remarkable facts it will have to explain. |
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Indeed, during this time most of the various invertebrate and vertebrate phyla evolved. |
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In addition to abundant crinoids, a diverse invertebrate and vertebrate fauna is contained within the Muldraugh. |
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Burying beetles fly in search of small vertebrate carcasses that they inter and subsequently use as the sole larval food source. |
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However, vertebrate material was rare in this deposit, and there was not enough material to analyze biochemically. |
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New mutated forms of GFP that are more intensely fluorescent provide more avenues for its use in vertebrate systems. |
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In tropical rainforests, the majority of woody plant species disperse seeds via vertebrate frugivores. |
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Variations in lemming abundance had a considerable effect on many other vertebrate species in this community. |
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The spider is the also first known predator that deliberately feeds on vertebrate blood by eating mosquitoes. |
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For vertebrate lenses, measures of anterior and posterior spheroidicity are required because these lenses are asymmetrical, oblate spheroids. |
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He joined the GSC in 1988 as a vertebrate paleontologist, specializing in microscopic fossil fish teeth. |
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He contributed an immense amount of research in vertebrate and invertebrate zoology and paleontology, and also wrote and lectured on the history of science. |
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Mites and ticks which feed on vertebrate hair or blood often carry disease organisms, such as spirochete bacteria, responsible for relapsing fever and Lyme disease. |
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The oldest true vertebrate fossils date back 530 million years. |
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Differentiation of vertebrate skeletal striated muscle can be studied in cell culture and provides a valuable model system for cell differentiation. |
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I'm animal, my phylum is chordata, my subphylum is vertebrate, my class is mammals, sublass theria, infraclass eutheria, within that I'm a primate, and within that I'm human. |
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Examples of this behavioral hierarchy appear in every vertebrate group. |
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The positive allometry of flight speeds ensures that translational speeds of volant vertebrate predators substantially exceed those of their insectan prey. |
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Shrikes use their hooked bills to break the necks of vertebrate prey. |
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In nature arboviruses are routinely maintained by transmission cycles involving the passage of virus between susceptible vertebrate hosts and hematophagous arthropod vectors. |
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Generally, these projects focus on Madagascar's unique vertebrate fauna and provide guides and essential services to foreign tourists. |
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The caudal fin represents the distal region of the vertebrate axis and is the region of the body where fluid accelerated anteriorly is shed into the surrounding medium. |
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The function of the vertebrate backbone relies on an array of tissues, with variable composition and structure integrated into a multitude of configurations. |
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The phylogenic analysis implies that the multiple actinin isoforms found in modern vertebrates arose after the divergence of the vertebrate and urochordate lineages. |
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This act presents a comprehensive system for regulation of animal experimentation and only covers vertebrate animals. |
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The two hemispheres of the vertebrate brain have also become specialised. |
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One landmark event in vertebrate evolution was the evolution of jaws from agnathan ancestors, which was followed by the first appearance of the stomach. |
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Determination of vertebrate left-right body asymmetry requires immotile cilia that sense fluid flow generated by nearby motile cilia. |
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This constraint may limit acanthocephalan lineages to particular arthropod hosts, whereas the use of particular vertebrate hosts may be more free to vary. |
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The vertebrate T-box transcription factor gene Tbx18 performs a vital role in development of multiple organ systems. |
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Recent analysis of the Drosophila genome sequence supports previous suggestions of strong parallels between many fly and vertebrate cell cycle regulators. |
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Minimally, this specimen proves that the most featherlike structures in a non-avian Mesozoic vertebrate are found in a late Triassic basal archosaur, a thecodont. |
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Nature has been applying lubrication since the evolution of synovial fluid, which lubricates the joints and bursas of vertebrate animals. |
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Then in the Cambrian era, around 570 million years ago, recognizably complex animal life evolved, including vertebrate ancestors. |
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Previous studies examined the genetic determinants for arbovirus development within the invertebrate vector, but not transmission to a vertebrate host. |
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The first three window cases contain fossils of bacteria, plants, and invertebrate and vertebrate animals. |
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Odorant-binding proteins are present in the olfactory systems of both vertebrate and invertebrate animals, but these gene families are not related. |
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Once vertebrate and invertebrate eyes were established hundreds of millions of years ago, evolution continued borrowing genes and fine-tuning them for new situations. |
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These rays have no relation to anything in the vertebrate limb. |
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Microbes, invertebrate fruit consumers, and vertebrate dispersers can thus be viewed as competitors for access to a rich but transient nutritional substrate. |
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They are a common adaptation in organisms that use internal fertilization, and have arisen multiple times in a number of vertebrate and invertebrate lineages. |
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Similar dispersal behavior among vertebrate siblings has been reported. |
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In this species, both parents provision their offspring predigested carrion from a vertebrate carcass, and the larvae beg for food from their parents. |
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Not only do microbial frugivores consume fruits and fail to disperse seeds, but they often render fruits unattractive to vertebrate frugivores that do disperse seeds. |
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The vertebrate eye does very well indeed, but it is a kludge. |
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In preparation for 2002 management plans, habitats have been defined to cover the range of vertebrate wildlife species inhabiting the forest. |
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We've tested aquatic, vertebrate, fish and soil communities and the evidence clearly indicates little cause for concern. |
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Frogs are vertebrate amphibians which hibernate to get them through the cold winter months. |
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Members of all vertebrate classes predate eggs and hatchlings. |
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It is the first vertebrate species to receive this most critical designation under this Quebec Act. |
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Québec has drawn up a list of vertebrate fauna and vascular flora likely to be declared endangered or vulnerable. |
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This will be the first extensive examination of the evolution of gene networks during a significant vertebrate evolutionary transition. |
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The tail of a vertebrate is composed of flesh and bone but contains no viscera. |
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Existing results from tests on vertebrate animals should be shared in the process of developing new plant protection products. |
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The fin whale is the only cetacean, and one of the rare vertebrate animals in the world, to bear an asymmetrical colouration on its head. |
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Roughly half of the known vertebrate species in the world belong to Superclass Osteichthyes! |
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Some 28 percent of the vertebrate species red-listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature live there. |
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This site has yielded a relatively well-preserved and diverse nearshore marine vertebrate fauna consisting of sharks, rays, bony fishes, reptiles, and whales. |
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An animal is defined as a vertebrate except a human being for the purposes of the bill. |
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However, a request may be made for studies not involving vertebrate animals. |
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Such a rapid expansion of range is unprecedented for a native vertebrate. |
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The vertebrate class Aves includes the birds, an extremely distinctive and successful clade, with an estimated 9000 species worldwide, including the snowy owl pictured here. |
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The section contains about 44,000 reprints and books and currently holds the most important periodicals of mammalogy and vertebrate palaeontology. |
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In spite of, or perhaps because of, the relative dearth of information on the vertebrate body axis, a groundswell of interest and activity is underway. |
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In the framework of testing proposals involving tests on vertebrate animals, the Agency will publish relevant information on its website. |
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It is the type site for 10 vertebrate genera and 28 vertebrate species. |
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Second, the C-propeptides of vertebrate procollagen also contain variable sequences, which promote selective oligomerization of structurally compatible monomers. |
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The Protocol of Amendment to the European Convention for the protection of vertebrate animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes is hereby approved on behalf of the European Community. |
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The holder or holders of former authorisations and the applicant shall take all reasonable steps to reach agreement on the sharing of information, so as to avoid, if possible, the duplication of testing on vertebrate animals. |
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These financial penalties would concern the failure to meet their obligation in relation not only to vertebrate animal studies but also to studies not involving testing on vertebrate animals. |
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It is the only vertebrate species found solely in Quebec. |
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The proposed Regulation also introduces a new rule prohibiting the duplication of tests on vertebrate animals, which should reduce animal testing and improve animal welfare in this area. |
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We have undertaken to study the effect of pentachlorophenol on invertebrate and vertebrate cells in vitro and in vivo. |
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Not included are ectoparasites like insects, mites, vertebrate, or other pests that affect plant health by consumption of plant tissues. |
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Vanilloid receptor-related osmotically activated channel, a candidate vertebrate osmoreceptor. |
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Among the specimens that went down with the Mount Temple were hadrosaurs, turtles and many hundreds of other dinosaur and vertebrate fossils. |
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The Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits have revealed a most interesting vertebrate fauna. |
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It is endemic to the Caledonian Forests of Scotland, and is the only vertebrate unique to the United Kingdom. |
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The vertebrate ancestor no doubt had more arches than this, as some of their chordate relatives have more than 50 pairs of gills. |
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The number of described vertebrate species are split evenly between tetrapods and fish. |
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As a result of the negative fitness consequences of inbreeding, vertebrate species have evolved mechanisms to avoid inbreeding. |
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The free zinc ion in solution is highly toxic to plants, invertebrates, and even vertebrate fish. |
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In Amphistium, the transition from the typical symmetric head of a vertebrate is incomplete, with one eye placed near the top of the head. |
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Superficial similarities between cephalopod and vertebrate eyes are thought to be examples of convergent evolution. |
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Unlike the vertebrate eye, there is no blind spot, because the optic nerve is positioned behind the retina. |
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Lystrosaurus was the most common land vertebrate during the Early Triassic, when animal life had been greatly diminished. |
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Marine faunas became fairly modern, as did terrestrial vertebrate fauna on the northern continents. |
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Indeed, the adaptive immune system as a whole evolved in an ancestor of all jawed vertebrate. |
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Grouse make up a considerable part of the vertebrate biomass in the Arctic and Subarctic. |
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This reduces testing on vertebrate animals and costs to industry. |
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Birds are abundant, and make up the bulk of the endemic and native vertebrate species. |
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The xeno-estrogen bisphenol A inhibits postembryonic vertebrate development by antagonizing gene regulation by thyroid hormone. |
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The chicken has long been a model organism for studying vertebrate developmental biology. |
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The presence of hydroxylapatite in Recent vertebrate bones and teeth has long been regarded as a common knowledge. |
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In the Suurlahe-738 core the Himmiste Beds are wholly represented by domerites yielding lingulids, eurypterids, and vertebrate microremains. |
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This paper reports what appears to be the first ichnological record of vertebrate activity in the Miocene in east Texas. |
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It is not covered by connective tissue, which is characteristic of vertebrate heart anatomy. |
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The peninsula harbours an extraordinary biodiversity, with more than 700 vertebrate land animal species of which 40 are endemic. |
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This nocturnal shrew feeds on a variety of arthropod and vertebrate prey species. |
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As a neurohormone and highly conserved molecule, melatonin is produced in all vertebrate species. |
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The virus had also turned up in 17 other vertebrate species, including cats, dogs, chipmunks, striped skunks, bats, and alpacas. |
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To obtain a blood meal, a hard tick must attach to a vertebrate host for several days. |
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In addition, a substantial number of plant, vertebrate, and invertebrate rhabdoviruses have not been classified. |
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They eat vertebrate prey headfirst to facilitate swallowing, and swallow all their prey whole. |
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The explorers also found cervical vertebrate, coracoids, lower part of scapula, ribs and other bones, Verma added. |
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Although the numerical abilities of many vertebrate species have been investigated in the scientific literature, there are few convincing accounts of invertebrate numerical competence. |
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Biostratigraphical correlations of Early Devonian vertebrate assemblages of the Old Red Sandstone Continent. |
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A composition comprising urinary bladder submucosa delaminated from both the abluminal muscle layers and at least the luminal portion of the tunica mucosa of a segment of a urinary bladder of a warm blooded vertebrate. |
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A composition comprising stomach submucosa delaminated from both the luminal portion of the tunica mucosa and the smooth muscle layers of the 5 muscularis externa of a stomach of a warm blooded vertebrate. |
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That makes sharks the fifth major vertebrate lineage with documented virgin births. |
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The patterns of positive selection across mammalian, avian and aquatic vertebrate genomes show that sensory receptor genes are highly conserved. |
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Nine vertebrate species, including the mountain plover, burrowing owl, golden eagle, and ferruginous hawk are said to depend on prairie dogs. |
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Forestry vertebrate pests cause problems by damaging young rootstock and shoots, destroying the bark on desirable tree species and damaging trees by tearing off cones or branches. |
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From the beginning, the story of vertebrate lungs is full of twists, says functional morphologist Elizabeth Brainerd of Brown University. |
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That's one of the main problems with internal promotion: your colleagues knew you when you were part of the vertebrate team so it's even more disappointing when it's gone. |
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Details shall be given in the complete dossier and in the summary dossier of the efforts made to avoid duplication of testing on vertebrate animals. |
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To suggest otherwise would, in many respects, reduce or possibly eliminate our collective responsibility in the demise of what was once among the most abundant vertebrate species, if not fish, in Canada. |
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These objectives were based on an assessment of the present and forecast forest structure, as indicated in the long term forest management plans, against the habitat requirements of vertebrate wildlife. |
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Animal inclusions are usually small invertebrates, predominantly arthropods such as insects and spiders, and only extremely rarely a vertebrate such as a small lizard. |
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The Devonian ended with a series of turnover pulses which killed off much of middle Paleozoic vertebrate life, without noticeably reducing species diversity overall. |
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The brownsnout spookfish is a species of barreleye is the only vertebrate known to employ a mirror, as opposed to a lens, to focus an image in its eyes. |
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Over the next 400 million years or so, invertebrate diversity showed little overall trend and vertebrate diversity shows an overall exponential trend. |
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Wyoming has been a favorite haunt of paleontologists for the past century ever since westering pioneers reported that many vertebrate fossils were almost lying on the ground. |
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As this species spends most of its time in brackish ponds, some question whether it should be classified as a land vertebrate to compete with the skink's unique status. |
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The greater crested tern will also occasionally catch unusual vertebrate species such as agamid lizards and green sea turtle hatchlings, and follows trawlers for discards. |
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The Hartford Basin of western Massachusetts and Connecticut has been a productive vertebrate trace fossil region since the early Nineteenth Century. |
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Biochemical analyses demonstrated that parapinopsins activated transducin in vitro in a light-dependent manner, similar to vertebrate visual opsins. |
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The Bermuda rock skink was long thought to have been the only indigenous land vertebrate of Bermuda, discounting the marine turtles that lay their eggs on its beaches. |
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A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton. |
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Interesting in their own right, this suite of adaptive physiologies provides many model systems for both comparative vertebrate and human physiologists. |
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Around 1,100 land vertebrate species can be found in the Philippines including over 100 mammal species and 170 bird species not thought to exist elsewhere. |
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The various fish groups account for more than half of vertebrate species. |
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With only one endemic mammal, 6 endemic bird species and no amphibians, reptiles constitute the most relevant Socotran vertebrate fauna with 31 species. |
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Tables in the appendix list the DNA content of chordate cell nuclei, the RNA and DNA content of vertebrate cell nuclei, and other quantitative data. |
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Guyana, with 1,168 vertebrate species, 814 bird species, boasts one of the richest mammalian fauna assemblages of any comparably sized area in the world. |
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This line is based on the lack of mastodont, mammoth, and other Pleistocene vertebrate remains as well as Paleo-Indian artifacts north of the line. |
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As elsewhere in the world, vertebrate animals and flowering plants are well documented, so the recorded numbers of species are probably close to the true numbers. |
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The effects of inbreeding have been studied in many vertebrate species. |
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The earliest known vertebrate is believed to be the Myllokunmingia. |
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